Table 3 Comparison of traditional usage of mineral medicines by the Gelao people with other ethnic applications and modern pharmacological research

Can Yong

Protein, Amino acids, Protein fiber

Anti-tumor, Anticancer, Hypoglycemic, Antibacterial

Silkworm Chrysalis Kidney Tonic Capsule, Kidney and Liver Ning Capsule

Han, Tu Jia, De Ang, Jing Po

Bai Jiang Can

Flavonoids, Polysaccharides, Beauveria

Anticoagulant, Anticonvulsant, Hypolipidemic, Hypoglycemic

Quick-acting Cough Suppressing Soup, White Stiffy Drink, Eclampsia Capsule, Elevating and Lifting Scattering

Han, Bai, Chao Xian, Miao

Can Sha

Phenols, Flavonoids, Terpenes and Polysaccharides

Hypoglycemic, Improves pancreatic islet function

Silkworm Sand Bullet, Blood Shengning Tablet

Han, Wei Wu Er

Chan Tui

Chitin, Amino acids and Trace elements

Anti-inflammatory, Sedative analgesic antispasmodic, Anticonvulsant

Anti-fungal and anti-itching granules, Dampness toxin clearing capsule, Wu Hu chasing the wind powder

Han, Yi

Chan Chu

Toadstoolene, Indole alkaloids

Anti-tumor, Anti-hepatitis B virus, Immunomodulation

Huachansu Oral Liquid, Toad Crisp Injection

Han, Yi, Wa, Miao, Bu Yi, Tu Jia, Ha Ni, Na Xi

Ci Wei

Hedgehog Proteins

Promote osteoclast differentiation

Hedgehog Skin Pill, Prostate Bixi

Han, Wei Wu Er, Yi

Da Xiang Pi

Creatine, Agonist proteins, Vitamins

Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Accelerates wound healing

Elephant skin and astragalus soup, elephant skin and muscle cream

Han, Dai

Xiong Dan

Bile acids, Amino acids, Proteins

Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anti-tumor, Hepatoprotective, Anti-thrombotic, Anti-fatigue

Compound Bear’s Gallbladder Granules, Bear’s Gallbladder Pill Capsules, Bear’s Gallbladder Heart-Saving Pill

Han, Meng Gu, E Lun Chun, Yi, Zang

Niu Huang

Ursodeoxycholic acid, Taurine goose deoxycholic acid

Inhibition of inflammatory mediator release, Immunomodulation

Niu Huang Antihypertensive Pill, Angong Niu Huang Pill, Niu Huang Antidote Tablet

Han, Wei Wu Er, Zang, Meng Gu, Qiang, Yi, Tu Jia

Niu Dan Zhi

Bile acids, Cholesterol, Fatty acids

Suppresses chronic inflammation, Strengthens immunity

Gallbladder Clearing Capsule, Cataract San, Eight Treasures Five Gallbladder Medicine Ink

Miao, Wa, Zang

Huang Shan

DHA, Lecithin, Eelsin, Protein

Improves memory, Lower blood sugar, Improves eyesight

Gold Eel Thirst Elimination Granules

Tu Jia, Wa, Dong, Yao, Yi, Ha Ni, Chao Xian, Bu Lang, Ji Nuo

Ji Nei Jin

Protein, Amino acid, Trace element

Promote gastric secretion, Digestion, Stone removal

Longmu Bone Strengthening Granules, Compound Chicken Neijin Tablets, Stomach Kang Capsules

Dai, Wei Wu Er

Ji Dan

Protein, Egg white peptide, Whey protein

Antioxidant activity, Promote mineral absorption, Lowers blood pressure

Ginseng and Antler Oral Liquid, Stomach Kang Capsules

Dai, Yi, Tu Jia

Jiu Xiang Chong

Crude protein, Fat, Vitamin, Amino acid

Anti-tumor, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory

Kang Lixin Capsules, Cancer Pain Capsules, Liver-Sparing and Yang-Expanding Capsules

Han, Miao, Dai, Bu Yi, Tu Jia

Hu Gu

Collagen, Osteomucin, Polysaccharides

Anti-inflammatory, Sedative, Analgesic

Musk Tiger Bone Cream, Tiger Bone Papaya Pill, Bone Strengthening Pill

Han, Yi, Dai, Na Xi

Lou Gu

Amino acids, Alkaloids, Anthraquinones, Fatty acids

Diuretic, Sedative, Antibacterial

Gryllotalpa crickets, Prostate Bixi Capsules

Han, Miao, Bu Yi, Shui, Yi

Ma Que

Low fat, High protein

Strengthening the kidney and Yang, Benefiting the essence, Warming the waist and knees

Sparrow Soup, Cordyceps Sparrow Soup, Bird’s Nest Porridge

Han, Zhuang, Zang

Lu Rong

Antler peptides, Sugars, Amino acids

Anti-fatigue, Immunomodulation, Anti-aging Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic

Deer antler tonic soup, deer antler capsule, ginseng and deer antler pill

Han, Chao Xian, E Lun Chun, Dai, Meng Gu

Mi Feng

Honeybee Spleen, Royal Jelly, Bee Pupa

Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory and analgesic

Rhinitis Granules

Han, Wa, Shui, Zang, Yi, Miao, Bu Yi

Zhang Lang

Polypeptides, Alcohols, Polysaccharides, Chitin

Antioxidant effect, Antimicrobial effect, Tumor cell inhibition, Diuresis

Mantis Pill, Rehabilitation New Liquid

Yi, Dai

Ke Dou

Inorganic elements, Amino acids

Clearing heat and removing toxins, Treating feverish sores and swellings, Anti-tumor

Tadpole Poison Extractor

Han, Yi

Di Long

Fatty acids, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleotides

Clearing heat and removing toxins, treating feverish sores and swelling, anti-tumor

Di Long San, Compound Di Long Capsule, Chicken Embryo Di Long Cream

Zhuang, Wei Wu Er, Dai

Ren Zhi Jia

Keratin, Fatty acids, Amino acids

Anti-tumor, Antioxidant, Cough suppressant and asthma relief

Laryngitis Pill, Xizi San

Tu Jia

Shan Yang Jiao

Keratin, peptides, Amino acids, Inorganic salts

Sedative, Analgesic, Anticonvulsant, Central inhibitor

Niuhuang Qingbian Kaijiao Pill, Compound Yangjiao Tablet, Dendrobium Nightshade Pill

Han, Zang, Wei Wu Er, Dai

Yang Nao

Peptides, Ascorbic acid, Niacin, Riboflavin

Antioxidant, Treats wind-cold in the brain, Headache

Goat’s Brain Ointment, Goat’s Brain Decoction, Yuhua Dan

Meng Gu

She Dan

Bile acids, Bile pigments, Cholesterol

Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, In vitro antimicrobial, Antihypertensive effects

Snake Gallbladder and Chuanbei Liquid, Snake Lian and Chuanbei San, Ox-Huang Snake Gallbladder and Chuanbei Liquid

Ha Ni, Tu Jia, Yi, Dai

Wang Jin She

Serum of Elaphe carinata (Günther)., Snake molt extract from Elaphe carinata (Günther)

Anti-snake venom, Antibacterial

Three Snakes Rheumatism Liquor, Tincture of Analgesia and Vitalizer

E Lun Chun, Ha Ni, Wei Wu Er

She Tui

Collagen, Amino acids, Fatty acids, Sterols

Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory

Dermatological Blood Poison Pills, Dermatological Blood Poison Tablets

Han, Yi, Wei Wu Er

Wu Shao She

Amino acid, Protein, Nucleoside components

Treating rheumatic paralysis, Tetanus and leprosy

Wantong Tendon and Bone Tablet, Three Snakes Rheumatism Wine

Han, Meng Gu

Qi She

Protein, Amino acids, Phospholipids, Nucleosides

Dispel wind, Promote circulation, Antispasmodic

Compound Herb Granules, Compound Herb Capsules, Golden Dragon Capsules

Han, Dong, Shui, Yao, Tu Jia

Fu She

Cholesterol, Taurine, Fat, Lipid

Anti-inflammatory, Anti-thrombotic, Anticancer

Astragalus Vipers Capsules, Vipers Jade Bamboo Capsules

Chao Xian, Shui, Yao, Zang, E Lun Chun

Shu Fu

Taurine, Glucosamine, Aminoglycans

Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Inhibiting inflammatory pain

Ginseng and turtle shell decoction pill, turtle shell decoction pill, red gold elimination capsule, elimination of lactation capsule

Han, Wa

Shui Niu Jiao

Mercaptopeptides, Keratin, Amino Acids

Antipyretic, Sedative, Anti-Inflammatory, Hemostatic

Buffalo Horn Antidote Pills, Qingkailing Capsules, Twenty-five-flavored Mabao Pills

Dai, Wa, Yao, Bu Lang, A Chang, Dong, Ha Ni, Ji Nuo, Jing Po, Mao Nan, Meng Gu, Zang

Shui Zhi

Proteolytic peptides, Hirudin, Kissing hirudin

Anti-coagulation, Anti-thrombosis, Anti-tumor, Anti-atherosclerosis

Brain Heart Capsules, Tongxinluo Capsules, Astragalus Capsules

Han, Yi, Wa, Zhuang, Tu Jia

Luo Si

Amino acids, Minerals, Trace elements

Gangrene, Edema, Dysuria, Hemorrhoids and blood in stools

Compound Anti-Hemorrhoid Suppository

Han, Ha Ni, Wa, Miao, Bu Yi, Shui, Yi

Tu Bie Chong

Amino acids, Volatile oils, Alkaloids, Active peptides

Dissolving thrombus, Anticoagulant, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, Tumor inhibitor

Elderberry Seven Cents Tablet, Soft Vein and Plaque Granule, Stroke Rejuvenation Tablet

Zhuang, Miao, Yao, Zang, Chao Xian, De Ang, Jing Po, Tu Jia

Bie Jia

Vitamin D, Turtle shell polysaccharide, Keratin

Anti-hepatic fibrosis, Anti-lung fibrosis, Anti-tumor, Immune regulation

Artemisia Artemisiae Tetraptera Soup, Compound Tetraptera Soft Liver Tablets, Tetraptera Decoction Pills

Han, Zhuang, Miao, Yi, Shui Yao, Dai, Tu Jia, Meng Gu, Chao Xian

Ge Jie

Carotenoids, Lipids, Polysaccharides, Proteins

Anti-tumor, Anti-coagulation, Antibacterial, Anti-virus

Mealybug Pills, Mealybug Capsules, Ginseng and Astragalus Mealybug Paste

Han, Yao, Zhuang, Dai, Yi, Wei Wu Er

Gui Jia

Amino acids, Collagen, Trace elements

Enhance immunity, Promote development, Delay aging

Turtle shell powder, Turtle gum yin nourishing granules, Turtle shell yin nourishing tablets

Han, Zhuang, Dai

Hai Piao Shao

Calcium carbonate, Peptides, Chitin, Chitosan

Hemostasis and coagulation, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Immunomodulation

Yuanhu Stomach Shuo Capsule, Stomach Shuning Granule, Fast Stomach Tablet

Han, Zhuang

Wu Gong

Proteins, Peptides, Fatty acids, Quinolines

Anti-tumor, Anti-thrombosis, Anti-cardiac ischemia, Antibacterial, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory

Anti-Embolism Capsules, Stroke Rejuvenation Tablets, Xuanqi Tongpao Capsules

Han, Tu Jia, Wa, Zhuang, Yi

Wu Bei Zi

Tannins, phenolic acids, amino acids, trace elements

Anti-caries, Antibacterial, Hemostatic, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant

Wu Huang Cream, Wu Miao Shui Xian Cream, Shu Ling Throat Tablets

Miao, Bu Yi, Shui

Ya Dan

Protein, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Vitamins

Enhancement of immunity

Duck Egg Soup

Bu Yi, Dai

Yan Wo Ni

Protein, Sugar, Fat, Vitamin

Antioxidant, Anti-aging, Anti-virus, Immunomodulation

Green Bird’s Nest Dan, Compound Bird’s Nest Tablets

Wa, Zang

Ban Mao

Zanthoxylin, fat, bound zanthoxylin

Antiviral, Anti-tumor, Immune regulation

Compound Spotted Fish Capsules, Activator Capsules, Panax Ginseng Cream, Shu Tendon Pain Relieving Capsules

Han, Zang, Meng Gu, Wei, Yi, Wa

Ye Zhu Dan

Bile acids

Smoothing Qi and regulating the lungs, Resolving phlegm and eliminating asthma, Postpartum weakness

Roasted Wild Boar Gallbladder in Warm Wine for Postpartum Pink Scald

Yi, Dai

Zhu Pao

UBM, Collagen type I, Laminin, Glycoproteins, Growth factors

Promoting wound repair, Pediatric enuresis, Frequent urination in the elderly, Urinary incontinence

Stewed Pig’s Bladder with Sansi, Stewed Pig’s Bladder with Morinda citrifolia and Walnut, Stewed Pig’s Bladder with Plantain

Han, Bu Yi

Zhu Shen

GTF, Thyroid inhibitors

Kidney deficiency, Postpartum abdominal pain

Pig Kidney Porridge, Pig Kidney Soup, Magnetite Pig Kidney Soup

Han, Chao Xian, Wa

Zhu Chi

–

Mental disorder, Fever

–

Bu Lang, Ha Ni, Ji Nuo

Zhuo Mu Niao

–

–

–

–

Feng Fang

Amino acids, Peptides, Organic acids, Phenols

Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Anti-ulcer, Antiviral

Stomatitis spray, anti-embolism capsule, musk rheumatism capsule

Han, Yi, Dai

Chuan Shan Jia

L-silk-L-tyrosine cyclic dipeptide, Cyclic dipeptide, Nucleosides

Analgesic activity, Promoting milk protein synthesis, Hypoxia resistance, Activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis

Sanjia San, Dokkaku Paste, Musk Huiyang Paste

Yi, Na Xi, Dai, Wei Wu Er

Da Ni

Collagen, Arachidonic acid

Lowering blood sugar, Lowering blood lipids, Lowering blood pressure, Enhancing immunity, treating burns

Giant salamander ground into dry powder mixed with tung oil for burns

Miao

Sang Piao Shao

Proteins, Amino acids, Sugars, Lipids

Anti-fatigue, Enhance immunity, Anti-lipid peroxide, Anti-diuresis

Wuji Baifeng Pills, Gendi Granules, Nocturia Pills

Han, Yi, Shui, Dong, Tu Jia

Jin Sha Niu

Long-chain fatty acids, Fatty acid esters, Peptides

Anti-thrombotic and Anticoagulant, Hypoglycemic, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory, Tissue repair

Jinsha Niu Fossilized Stone Tablet, Si Jin Tang

Han, Wa, Ha Ni