Table 2 Animal-derived medicines used by the Gelao people

Xiao Feng Er

Silkworm Chrysalis

Bombyx morio (Linnaeus, 1767)

Bombycidae

All

Drying

cure noma of children

Silkworm chrysalis, honey

Stir-fried for consumption

ZY-2023-W-003

Jiang Can

White Stiffy Silkworm

Bombyx morio (Linnaeus, 1767)

Bombycidae

Whole

Low temperature drying

Coughing

Good end tea, white silkworms

Ground and taken internally

ZY-2023-Z-002

Can Shi

Silkworm sand

Bombyx morio (Linnaeus, 1767)

Bombycidae

Physiological products

Drying

Treatment of hemorrhagic gonorrhea

Silkworm Sand

Ground and taken with wine

ZY-2023-Z-013

Zhi Liao Pi

Cicada Shedding

Cicadidae (Latreille, 1802)

Cicadidae

Physiological products

Drying

Diarrhea

Cicada metamorphosis, licorice, jujube

Decocted in water

ZY-2023-Z-014

Lai Ge Bao

Toad

Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842)

Bufonidae

Whole

Drying

Treatment of hemorrhoids of the large intestine

Toad, Pig Intestine

Calcined by fire and eaten as a dip

ZY-2023-W-001

Ci Tuan

Hedgehog skin

Erinaceus aegyptius (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)

Erinaceidae

Tissue

Drying

Leukorrhea

Hedgehog spines, bamboo roots

Burnt ash and powdered for internal use

ZY-2023-Z-003

Da Xiang Pi

Elephant skin

Elephantidae (Gray, 1821)

Elephantidae

Tissue organs

Drying

Skin ulcers

Elephant skin, snake shed, gypsum

Powdered and applied externally

——

Xiong Dan

Bear Gallbladder

Ursus thibetanus (G. Baron Cuvier, 1823)

Ursidae

Tissue organ

Drying

Treating stupor

Used alone

Take with wine

——

Chou Bao

Bovis Calculus

Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bovidae

Pathological products

Sulfur fumigation drying or shade drying

Treatment of fever and feverishness in children

Bovine rhubarb, Sichuan rhubarb, cicada shells

Ground and taken internally

——

Niu Dan Zhi

Ox Gall

Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bovidae

Tissue organs

Fresh

Trauma causing incontinence

Cow’s bitter gall, Cao Wu

Internal

ZY-2023-Z-004

Shan Yu

Eel

Muraena alba (Zuiew, 1793)

Synbranchidae

Entire body

Fresh

Cure distorted eyes and mouth

Used alone

Acupuncture and moxibustion

ZY-2023-W-004

Ji Nei Jin

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum

Gallus gallus

Phasianidae

Tissue organs

Dry

Indigestion/Hematochezia/Hypoplasia

Ji Nei Jin

Ground powder for internal use

ZY-2023-W-002

Ji Dan Qing

Eggs

Gallus gallus

Phasianidae

Tissue organs

Fresh

Burns

Used alone

External use

ZY-2023-W-006

Pi Ban Chong

Nine Spice Worms

Coridius chinensis (Dallas, 1851)

Dinidoridae

Whole

Dry

Hemangioma

Cordyceps sinensis

Rub with juice

ZY-2023-W-005

Lao Hu Gu Tou

Tiger Bone

Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Felidae

Tissue organs

Remove sinews, dry

White Bone Pain

Myrrh, tiger’s tibia

Pounded and taken with wine/infused with wine

——

Xiao Tu Gou

Gryllolaptaptidae

Gryllotalpa spps

Grylloidea

Whole

Dry

Urinary Stones

Gryllotalpa (head removed for bladder stones, head left for urinary stones)

Powdered and swallowed with warm wine

ZY-2023-Z-015

Jia Qiao

Sparrow

Passeres (Linnæus, 1758)

Ploceidae

Whole

Hairless and gutted

Bladder stones

Sparrow

Roasted

ZY-2023-Z-005

Lu Rong

Deer antler

Cervus canadensis (Erxleben, 1777)

Cervus

Tissue organs

Sliced and dried

Whooping Cough in Elderly

Used alone

Infused in wine or directly consumed

ZY-2023-Z-006

Mi Tang

Honeybee

Apis mellifera (Linnæus, 1758)

Apidae

Physiological products

Filtration and removal of impurities

Emptiness Symptoms

Honey/honey, child’s urine (take the middle part)

Apply/take internally

ZY-2023-Z-001

Jiang Chong

Cockroach

Catharsius molossus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Blattidae Handlirsch

All

Fresh/dry

Sore Mouth and Tongue/Vomiting Blood, Hemoptysis

Cockroaches, salt

Pound and apply externally

ZY-2023-Z-016

Ha Ma Er

Tadpole

Rana nigromaculata (Hallowell, 1861)

Ranidae

All

Drying

Swollen Toxin

Tadpoles, ice chips

Apply with water

ZY-2023-W-007

Chong Shan

Dinosaurus

Lumbricina

Lumbricidae

All

Drying

Mumps

Fresh earthworms

Add sugar to water and take internally

ZY-2023-D-007

Ren Tui

Human fingernails

Homo Sapiens (Linnæus, 1758)

Hominidae

Physiological products

Fresh

Pediatric Emergency Fright

Human fingernails, sour jujube seeds

Pound and apply

ZY-2023-Z-017

Shan Yang Jiao

Goat horns

Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825)

Bovidae

Tissue

Drying

Needle Sticking into Flesh

Wild goat horns, buffalo horns

Ground in water and taken internally

Yang Nao Zi

Goat brain

Caprinae

Bovidae

Tissue organs

Fresh or frozen

Fever and convulsions

Sheep’s brain, Park’s nitrate

Mix the paste well

ZY-2023-D-009

She Dan

Snake Gallbladder

Dendroaspis polylepis (Günther, 1864)

Snake Gallbladder

Tissue organs

Drying

Treatment of Pediatric Tumor

Used alone

Take directly

ZY-2023-D-008

Cai She

Cauliflower Snake

Elaphe carinata (Günther, 1864)

Colubridae

Whole

Drying

Cough, phlegm and asthma

Used alone

Decocted in water/stewed

ZY-2023-D-006

Long Yi

Snake Molt

Dendroaspis polylepis (Günther, 1864)

Colubridae

Physiological products

Drying/Drying

Pediatric eclampsia, dispelling wind

Gypsum, Dragon Bone, Elephant Skin

Ground finely and applied externally

ZY-2023-W-009

Wu She

Ophiopogon

Ptyas dhumnades (Cantor, 1842)

Colubridae

Whole

Drying

Skin ulcers

Ophiopogon, Aconite

Smoke therapy

ZY-2023-F-001

Wu Bu She

Herb snake

Agkistrodon Palisot de (Beauvois, 1799)

Viperidae

All

Drying

Trembling hands and feet

Mutong, Cow’s Knee

Taken internally or externally in wine

ZY-2023-W-008

Tu Jin

Vipers

Agkistrodon halys boehmei Nilson (1983)

Viperidae

All

Drying or fresh use

Rheumatic paralysis

Used alone

Taken internally or in wine

ZY-2023-D-005

Di Shi Po

Rattlesnake

Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804)

Armadillidiidae Brandt

All

Sun-dried or roasted

Treating rheumatic joint pain

Damp Worm

Powdered and applied externally

ZY-2023-D-004

Sha Niu Jiao

Buffalo horn

Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bovidae

Tissues and organs

Removing impurities and mashing

Treating pain of tooth decay with holes

Buffalo horn

Swallowing with white wine

ZY-2023-F-002

Ma Huang

Leech

Hirudo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hirudinidae

Whole

Low temperature drying/fresh use

Blood Gonorrhea

Leech, White Cottonwood, Myrrh

Ground into a powder and mixed with warm wine for internal use

ZY-2023-F-004

Luo Si

Snail

Viviparidae (Gray, 1847)

Viviparidae

All

Fresh

Bone fracture pain/bruising (fresh use)

Fresh snail, radish seeds/fresh snail, ginger

Apply externally by pounding/pounding

ZY-2023-Z-011

Di Bie

Earthworm

Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker, 1868)

Carabidae

All

Drying

Umbilical Convexity/Handful of Mouth Wind (Frightening)

Earthworm, Rhizoma Ligusticum, Radix et Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Paeoniae Alba

Add a little wine and decoct

ZY-2023-D-016

Jia Yu Ke

Turtle Shell

Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann, 1834)

Trionychidae

Tissue

Drying

Lumbar injury (caused by sprain)

Mountain snail

/Powdered and dried and applied with tung oil

ZY-2023-D-003

Ge Li

Mealybug

Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758)

Mactra

Tissue

Wash and dry

Uterine Prolapse

Used alone

Infused in wine or powdered for internal use

ZY-2023-Z-009

Wu Gui Ke

Tortoise shell

Mauremys reevesii (Gray, 1831)

Emydidae

Tissue

Sun-dried

Nourishing

Tortoise shell, Radix et Rhizoma Dioscoreae

Decoction

ZY-2023-D-010

Wu Zei Gu

cuttlebone

Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sepiidae

Tissue organs

Drying

Curing pediatric cranial dissolution

Used alone

Powder for external use

ZY-2023-Z-0010

Bai Zu Chong

Centipede

Scolopendra subspinipes (Leach, 1815)

Scolopendridae

All

Sun-dried or tumble-dried

Bleeding from trauma

Centipede

Powdered pig’s bile

ZY-2023-W-011

Wu Bei Zi

Cinquefoil

Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell, 1851)

Anacardiaceae

Physiological products

Steamed and dried

Stroke with distorted eyes and mouth

Used alone

Decoction of water/gargle

ZY-2023-Z-012

Ya Dan

Duck Eggs

Anatinae (Leach,1820)

Anatidae

Eggs

Fresh

Toothache

Green Shell Duck Eggs, Water Chest

Duck egg decoction

ZY-2023-D-001

Yan Zi Ni

Bird’s Nest Mud

Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hirundinidae

Mud nests

Remove impurities and mash

Nosebleed

Bird’s Nest Mud

Apply with acid soup

ZY-2023-D-002

Ban Mao

Spanish fly

Mylabris phalerata (Pallas, 1781)

Meloidae

Whole

Sun-dried

Testicular Pain

Single use

External use

ZY-2023-W-010

Zhu Ke

Wild Boar Gall Bladder

Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Suidae

Tissue organs

Fresh or shade-dried

Skin Diseases

Wild boar’s bile, cypress

Apply

ZY-2023-Z-008

Sha Hou

Golden Sands Cow

Myrmeleontidae (Latreille, 1802)

Myrmeleontidae

Whole body

Powdered

Fire Scald

Bullock, Grateful Parsnip

Internal and external use/pounding mud to wrap the heart of the feet

ZY-2023-D-012

Zhu Niao Bao

Pig Bladder

Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Suidae

Tissue

Drying

Stopping drenching and malaria/

Pig’s Bladder

Steam

ZY-2023-D-013

Zhu Yao Zi

Pig Kidney

Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Suidae

Tissue

Fresh or refrigerated

Postpartum diaphoresis

Pig Kidney, Pepper

Boiled in water

ZY-2023-W-012

Zhu Ya

Pig’s Tooth

Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Suidae

Tissue

Drying

Nocturia

Pig’s Tooth

Burnt ash and drink

ZY-2023-D-015

Zhuo Mu Niao

Woodpecker

Picoides canicapillus

Picidae

All

Dehairing, gutting and drying

Chronic Cough

Woodpecker’s Tongue, Fenugreek

Decoction of water

——

Ye Feng Wo

Beehive

Apis mellifera (Linnæus, 1758)

Apidae

Physiological products

Remove impurities and mash

pediatric eclampsia and snakebite

Single use

Decoction or bath

ZY-2023-Z-007

Jia Pian

Pangolin

Pholidota (Weber, 1904)

Manidae

Tissue organs

Dry in the sun

Cure pediatric cramps

Snake

Apply externally in wine

——

Wa Wa Yu

Ni

Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)

Cryptobranchidae

Tissue organs

Fresh

Skin diseases

Used alone

External use/consumption

——

Tang Lang Dan

Cuttlebone

Paratenodera sinensis (Saussure, 1871)

Mantoididae

Tissue organs

Steam scalded and dried

Joint Pain

Cuttlebone, pig’s loin, a cone of incense

Decoction

ZY-2023-D-014