Table 8 Comparison of reported ethnoveterinary medicinal plants with previous studies in Ethiopia

Achyranthes aspera

Diarrhoea, equine diseases, mange/alopecia and blackleg

Nasal infection [19], eye infection [19, 29, 86], bleeding [19, 87], leech and wound [28], bloat [88], bone fracture [87, 89], blood clotting [90, 91]

–

Blackleg [13], bleeding [32], glanders [16], abdominal disorder, endoparasite and febrile illness [92], mastitis [93], wound [93, 94]

–

Sudden sickness, cough and skin cancer [95], ectoparasite [96]

Mastitis, wound and diarrhoea [97], anthrax and babesia [98], snakebite and wound [99], eye infection [98, 100,101,102], rectal prolapse [70], joint dislocation [103]

Allium sativum

Anthrax and blackleg

Blackleg [19, 28], dermatophilosis, mange, scabies, ringworm, leech and lice in chicken [19], anthrax [28], pasteurellosis [29], bloat and coccidiosis [89], helminthiasis [19, 89], tryps [91], general illness [27]

PPR [104]

Stomachache and abdominal pain [57, 93, 94, 105], cough, fungal and leech [106], colic and bloat [57, 107], wound [32], expectorant and antiseptic [17], hepatitis [16], pasteurellosis and boat [93], mastitis, diarrhoea, endoparasites [30, 107], septicemia [30]

–

Blackleg [15, 54], babesiosis [54], leech [108]

Horn worm and leech [100], eye disease, aspergillosis, FMD, Newcastle disease [102]

Aloe trichosantha (LC)

Mange/alopecia, LSD, wound and hump swelling

–

Anthrax, CCPP and CBPP [18], blackleg, joint illness and brucellosis [104]

Anthrax [36]

CCPP/cough [109]

Swelling [110]

–

Asparagus africanus

Wound and rabies

Coccidiosis [19], swelling [29], gastrointestinal ailments, bone fracture, mastitis and poor mothering [89]

–

Rabies [16], anuria, heart failure and wound [92], glanders [36]

–

Blackleg, pneumonia and bloat [30], cow disease [111], wound [112]

Body swelling [100], joint dislocation [113]

Balanites aegyptiaca (LC)

Anthrax and blackleg

–

Anthrax [18, 114], Render pest [114], CCPP, tryps [18, 104], bloat, colic, sudden sickness and diarrhoea [18], brucellosis, blackleg, pasteurellosis and BTB [104]

–

Diarrhoea [109]

Eye infection [110]

Abdominal problems and BTB [115]

Calotropis procera (LC)

Wart, ringworm and blackleg

Mange [19], tumour [28], caseous lymphadenitis [29], swelling [88], blackleg [89]

Blackleg [18, 104, 114], colic and prophylaxis [18], anthrax, mastitis and contagious agalactia [104]

Blackleg [36]

–

–

Swelling [98, 99, 115], wound [99, 115], actinobacillosis [70], sore [102], warts [115]

Calpurnia aurea (LC)

Anthrax, ticks and lice infestation, rabies and prophylaxis against rabies

Ectoparasites: tick and lice [19, 27, 28, 87, 89], helminthiasis, sore and parasitic leech [19], snake bite [19, 116], rabies, anthrax, coccidiosis and pneumonia [89], diarrhoea [87, 90, 116]

Ectoparasites: pediculosis and lice [30, 33, 57, 93, 94, 117,118,119], rabies [107, 117], bloat [32, 93], blackleg [33, 118], respiratory ailments and diarrhoea [33], dermatophytes and scabies [16, 33, 105, 107, 120, 121], leech and abdominal pain [93], anthrax, hepatitis and earache [118], snake bite [32, 121], endoparasite [30, 94]

Endoparasite [109]

Ectoparasites: tick, lice, flea and louse [54, 108, 110, 122], mastitis [123], snake bite [124], eye infection, urine retention, blackleg and anthrax [112]

Ectoparasites: ticks, lice and fleas [97, 98], mastitis and dermatophilosis [97, 99, 100], mange [101, 115], Salmonellosis, E. coli infection, lichen simplex chronicus and sheep pox [102]

Capparis tomentosa

Fattening and strengthening

Caseous lymphadenitis [29], 2018), rabies [89], evil spirit [86]

–

Skin disease [36]

–

–

–

Capsicum frutescens (LC)

When cow refuse its calf

–

Pasteurellosis and flue [104]

–

–

Kidney problem and grain overload [54], cattle disease [111]

Bloat [100]

Carissa spinarum (LC)

Rabies

Helminthiasis and parasitic leech [19], lung disease [28], eye treatment [29], evil eye, wound and diarrhoea [116], gastrointestinal problem, rabies and anthrax [89]

–

Breathing problem [57], urinary tract infection [32], helminthiasis [17], ringworm [17, 93], febrile illness and evil eye [92], wound [93], rabies [107], evil spirit and dermatitis [125]

–

Increase milk production [15]

–

Cissus quadrangularis

Anthrax

–

Anthrax [114], blackleg [18], swelling [104]

Blackleg [118]

Tick, wound, mastitis, helminthiasis, leech and blackleg [31]

Evil eye [122]

Asthma [103]

Crinum abyssinicum

Rabies

–

–

Endoparasites [94]

Croton macrostachyus (LC)

Bloat, diarrhoea, inappetence, bone fracture, dullness, blackleg, anthrax, BEF and LSD

Dermatophilosis/mange, scabies, bleeding and sore [19], foot rot [27, 28], blackleg [29], rabies [89, 116], coccidiosis and helminthiasis [89], bloat [87, 89], ringworm [19, 90, 126], rabies [90], trauma [27]

–

Ringworm ([13, 17, 93, 105], wound [93, 105, 117, 118], skin diseases: lesion and scabies [30, 33, 105], evil eye [105], febrile illness [22, 92, 105], blackleg [33, 117], lymphangitis [57], foot rot [32, 57], bloat [13, 17, 32, 33, 94], respiratory ailments and lung diseases [22, 94, 118], rabies [30, 107], ASH and diarrhoea [33], anthrax [22], abdominal pain/colic [92, 107], toothache, swelling, tetanus, abortion and hepatitis [118], anthelmintics [127], mastitis, tryps and septicemia [107], typhoid and liver [94], rectum prolapse and ectoparasites [30]

–

Blackleg [15, 54, 108, 110], constipation [15], equine colic [128], abdominal pain and stomachache [30, 111, 128], bloat [30, 128], diarrhoea [30, 111], ectoparasites [30], cancer [129], endoparasites and Bovine/ovine pasteurellosis/lung worm and wound [54], fungal [111], sudden illness and indigestion [110]

Leech [70], anthrax and bloat [103], scabies [102], splenomegaly, Ovine pasteurellosis and rabies [115]

Cucumis ficifolius

Bloat, blackleg, diarrhoea, mineral deficiency and mange/alopecia, anthrax, BEF and LSD

Blackleg [27, 28, 88], rabies and rabies vaccine [28, 88], anthrax [89, 90], diarrhoea [87, 89], gastrointestinal ailments [89, 91], coccidiosis, cowdriosis, hepatitis and wound [19], rurt and foot rot [28], tryps and cough [88], abortion, phimosis and septicemia [89], tryps [91], liver fluke [130]

–

Blackleg [16, 22, 33, 107, 119], rabies [93, 125], cattle infection [105, 121], endoparasite [32, 57, 94], retained placenta [32], colic and emaciation [107], bloat and blood clot [94]

–

Blackleg [108], eye problem [95], bloat, anthrax and tryps [110]

Anthrax and abdominal pain [98, 99], infection and Hyena bite [102]

Cynoglossum lanceolatum

Inappetence

–

–

Mastitis and blackleg [107]

–

–

Wound [100]

Cyphostemma adenocaule

BEF, inappetence, anthrax, lymphangitis and blackleg

Blackleg [29], bloat and leech [89]

–

Blackleg [120]

–

Mastitis, evil eye, dermatophilosis, LSD and FMD [54], colic, leech and snake bite [108]

Wound [97], snake bite [98, 99], pack sore [102]

Cyphostemma cyphopetalum

Anthrax, bloat, colic, rabies, prophylaxis against rabies, diarrhoea, blackleg, BEF and LSD

Swelling [29, 89], gastrointestinal ailments [89], rabies [91]

–

–

Wound [31]

Wound [110]

–

Cyphostemma pannosum

BEF, equine diseases, mange/alopecia and colic

Rabies, myiasis, foot rot, hyena bite and equine saddle sore [89]

–

–

–

Anthrax, pasteurellosis and fattening [108]

–

Datura stramonium

Rabies and wound

Swelling [29], tryps [88], mastitis [89], myiasis [27]

Nerve problem [18]

Wound [105], systemic illness [57], ringworm [32], blackleg and respiratory ailments [33], coenurosis [22], rabies [118], evil eye [94]

–

Coughing in equines [122], toothache [131], listeriosis [54], rabies, leech, gum problem and ringworm [108], worm infestation [111], wound [96, 110], bloat [110]

Anthrax [98, 99], wound [99], diarrhoea and shivering [100], blackleg and nasal bleeding [103], mange [115]

Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia

Mange/alopecia, blackleg, anthrax, BEF and LSD

Bloat, diarrhoea, ringworm and scabies [19], leech, hepatitis and rheumatic [116], bone fracture [87]

–

Wound [32, 105, 120], bone fracture [32, 57], diarrhoea [22, 33], bloat and live disease [33], leech [93], ectoparasites [118], anthelmintic/tapeworm [105, 127]

Scabies [15], anthrax, cancer, sun stroke and stabbing pain [129], endoparasite, diarrhoea and sudden sickness [95], ectoparasites [110, 112], lymphatic swelling [95, 112], bloat and fattening [110]

Wound [97], dislocated bone, body part [98, 99, 102], sore [102]

Echinops hispidus

Inappetence

–

–

–

–

Bloat and fattening [110]

–

Foeniculum vulgare

Mange/Alopecia, urine retention/urolithiasis, blackleg, anthrax, BEF and LSD

–

–

Abscess [22], to remove plastic materials from livestock stomach [118]

–

Bloat [110]

Urine retention and abdominal pain [100]

Gomphocarpus fruticosus

Ringworm, FMD, scabies and wart

Bloat, poor appetite and sudden diarrhoea [19]

–

Diarrhoea and lung disease [16]

–

–

–

Gossypium hirsutum (VU)

Eye disease

–

–

–

–

Blackleg [108]

–

Grewia ferruginea

Retained placenta

Retained placenta [87, 89]

Rabies [22], retained placenta [107, 121]

Cough [112], retained placenta [110]

Leech [103, 115], retained placenta [115]

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum

Evil spirit, diarrhoea, bloat, colic, mange/alopecia, blackleg, anthrax, BEF and LSD

Retained placenta and CBPP [19], jaundice [28], blackleg, mange mites, tania and pasteurellosis [27], bloat and urinary problems [87, 89, 116]

–

Endoparasite [13, 33, 57, 117, 127], retained placenta [33, 93, 117, 119], febrile illness [57, 92], bloat [57, 118], diarrhoea [13, 32, 33, 94], blackleg, respiratory ailments and to improve milk production in cows [33], hepatitis [16], urine retention [118]

Endoparasite [109]

Tryps, its prevention and tsetse fly control [15, 54], diarrhoea [30, 95, 110], improve milk production [15], LSD and skin problem [30, 128], pasteurellosis and endoparasite [128], cough and stabbing pain [129], anthrax, sudden illness and prevent contagious disease [110]

Bloat [100]

Hypoestes forskaolii

Colic in equine

–

–

–

–

Increase milk production [110]

Babesia [98], anthrax [99]

Ipomoea carnea

Rabies

–

–

Diarrhoea [57]

–

–

–

Kalanchoe petitiana

Hump swelling

Swelling and anthrax [88], fascioliasis [89]

–

Swelling/abscess [13, 16, 120], nasal bleeding [105], endoparasite [117], constipation [16], eye disease [107]

–

–

–

Kedrostis foetidissima

Diarrhoea, bloat, colic, fattening and strengthening, BEF, lice, retained placenta, lymphangitis and mange/alopecia

–

–

Constipation, rough hair coat and urine retention [36]

–

–

–

Lagenaria siceraria

Rabies and many disease conditions

Rabies [126]

–

Blackleg and retained placenta [117], rabies and tryps [107]

–

–

–

Linum usitatissimum

Retained placenta

Retained placenta [89, 116]

–

Retained placenta [32, 57, 107, 121], constipation [32, 57], gastritis [32], dandruff [119]

–

Emaciation/fattening/bone broken, constipation [54], retained placenta [111]

Prolonged delivery [100], retained placenta [102]

Melia azedarach (LC)

Colic, bloat, diarrhoea, inappetence and chicken diseases

Coccidiosis [89], insect repellent [86]

–

Diarrhoea in chicken and cattle [120], against various disease conditions [13], anthelmintics [127]

–

–

Wound [98, 99], ectoparasite like lice [101, 102], bloat [100], mange mites [70]

Momordica foetida

Bloat

Leech [29], swelling [88, 89], blackleg [88], wound and febrile illness [116], ascariasis [89], sun stroke [87]

–

Blackleg [13, 33], colic and endoparasite [33], anthrax and febrile illness [22], metritis for good flavour [92], fracture, rabies, tryps and myiasis [107], ectoparasites and warts [94], babesiosis and anaplasmosis [30]

–

Blackleg [15, 54, 122], anthrax [15, 108], diarrhoea and amoebiasis [19, 54, 110], bloat [54], rabies and leech [108], evil spirit and snake bite [110]

–

Nicotiana tabacum

Coughing and nasal discharge

Blackleg [28, 116], leech [27, 28, 86, 89, 116, 130], diarrhoea [29], cough [116, 126], coccidiosis [89]

–

Bloat [32, 57, 105], leech [30, 32, 57, 93, 94, 105, 119, 121], endoparasites: tapeworm [93, 105, 107, 121, 127], blackleg [16, 33, 107], trypanosomiasis [105, 121], snake bite, snake poison and snake repellent [33, 92, 94, 107, 117, 119], eye infection [105], abdominal pain and colic [57], diarrhoea, respiratory ailments and for fattening of cattle [33], ectoparasites: tick and lice [30, 94, 107]

Body swelling [109]

Ectoparasites: tick [30, 108, 110], leech [15, 30, 110], blackleg [54, 108], wound [131], bovine/ovine pasteurellosis/lung worm [54], stomachache [95, 108], bloat, cough and fattening [110]

Leech [97,98,99,100,101,102], scabies and lice infestation [98, 99], plant toxin/toxicosis and tryps [102]

Ocimum gratissimum subsp. gratissimum

Anthrax

Eye treatment [29]

–

Febrile illness [57]

–

Retained placenta [110]

–

Opuntia ficus-indica (DD)

Emaciation, diarrhoea and mange/alopecia

–

–

Blackleg, sudden sickness and febrile illness [92]

–

–

Anthrax and lice or fleas [99]

Phytolacca dodecandra

Ringworm, rabies, mandibular oedema, eye disease, FMD, BEF, constipation and prophylaxis against rabies

Leech [19, 27, 87], rabies [28, 29, 87, 89], helminthiasis: [19, 89], extoparasites: lice in chicken and coccidiosis [19, 87, 89], mange and LSD [19], rabies [28, 29], blackleg [27], eye disease [89, 116], anthrax [89, 130], bloat and ascariasis [89], ringworm [90], constipation [91]

–

Rabies [57, 93, 94], endoparasite/anthelmintics [93, 127], lymphangitis [120], liver disease [105], eye disease [94, 107, 117], leech [57], glanders [16], coughing in equines [118]

–

Blackleg [15, 54], leech [54, 110], rabies vaccine [110], wound, cancer/tumour, calf diarrhoea, constipation and endoparasite [128], diarrhoea and difficult urination [30], bovine/ovine pasteurellosis/lung worm/cough [54, 110], stomach problem and sudden sickness [95]

Rabies [101, 102, 115], eye infection [101], ectoparasite [101, 102], leech [100, 115], scabies [102], blackleg [103], anthrax [101, 103], warts [115]

Pterolobium stellatum

Evil eye

–

–

Evil eye [105]

–

–

Bone dislocation [98, 99]

Searsia natalensis (LC)

When cow refuse its calf, muscle stiffness/ataxia and inappetence

–

Wound and skin infection [104]

–

–

–

–

Senna didymobotrya (LC)

BEF, inappetence, bloat and wound

Wound [29], bloat [87]

–

AHS, blackleg, snake bite, ectoparasites and respiratory ailments [33], deworming and Salmonellosis [92]

–

–

–

Senna occidentalis (LC)

Snake bite, snake breath, inappetence, colic, diarrhoea, anthrax, bloat and BEF

–

–

Anthrax [36]

–

Anthrax [108]

–

Senna petersiana (LC)

Rabies

–

–

–

–

Food poison and leech [108]

–

Sida schimperiana

Prophylaxis against rabies

African horse sickness [19], prenatal abortion [91]

Rabies and preventing bitch birth [120], blackleg [16]

Blackleg, dermatophilosis, LSD, FMD and constipation [54], diarrhoea and tryps [108], wound [111], mental problem [112], indigestion and bloat [110]

Bone and joint dislocation [70, 98,99,100], abortion [98, 99]

Solanum incanum (LC)

Coughing, mouth disease, nasal discharge and ringworm

Leech [87, 88], eye infection [27], febrile illness [87], rabies [91]

Blackleg [104, 114], anthrax [114], CCPP [18, 104], pneumonia [18], lung infection [104]

Blackleg [13, 16], ticks and scabies [120], cowdriosis, dermatophilosis, pasteurellosis, skin diseases, blood clotting and colic [13], colic [22], pasteurellosis [93], wound [30, 36], milking phobia [125], anthrax and snake bite [30]

Ticks, infertility, ringworm, swollen joints, pneumonia and mastitis [31]

Epizootic lymphangitis [122], endoparasites/abdominal pain, bovine/ovine pasteurellosis/lung worm [54], cough [124], anthrax, retained placenta and sudden illness [110]

Wound [97, 99], anthrax [99], abdominal pain [99, 100, 115], diarrhoea, shivering and leech [100], swelling, eye disease and LSD [115]

Marsdenia schimperi

Mange/alopecia, Blackleg, Anthrax, BEF and LSD

Snake bite and wound [19]

–

Hepatitis and lameness [22]

–

–

Rabies [98, 99]

Tapinanthus globifer

Muscle stiffness/ataxia and inappetence

–

–

Anthelmintics [127]

Anthrax, blackleg and sudden illness [110]

–

Vachellia sieberiana (LC)

Dullness, Muscle stiffness/ataxia and inappetence

Wound [29]

–

Skin diseases [36]

–

–

–

Vachellia tortilis (LC)

Fattening, strengthening and inappetence

–

Brucellosis [104]

Diarrhoea and surgery [17], ectoparasite [92]

Wound [31]

–

–

Vepris nobilis (LC)

Anthrax

–

–

Thinness and anthrax [119]

–

–

–

Verbascum sinaiticum

Diarrhoea, bloat, mange/alopecia, pasteurellosis, inappetence, scabies, colic and prophylaxis against rabies

Blackleg [27, 28], antipain [29], thinning, rabies, tryps, eye infection and mich [88], gastrointestinal ailments, anthrax, pneumonia, diarrhoea and equine colic [27, 89], rabies [86]

–

Blackleg [32, 120], anthrax [117], loss of appetite [32], skin diseases [33, 107], antipyretic, spleen and liver problem [92], ectoparasite [119], anthelmintics [127]

–

Urinary retention, indigestion and sudden illness [110]

Wound [97, 99], anthrax [98, 99, 103], bone dislocation [99], swelling [100], uroliths [70]

Verbena officinalis

Eye disease

Stop bleeding after birth, wound and diarrhoea [116]

–

–

–

Snake bite/poison [122], diarrhoea [111]

Stomachache [113]

Viscum tuberculatum

Muscle stiffness/ataxia and inappetence

–

–

AHS [33], poisons, snake venom, shivering and abnormal breathing [118], acute disease [94]

–

–

–

Withania somnifera

Diarrhoea, bloat, colic, mange/alopecia, evil eye, blackleg, anthrax, BEF and LSD

Blackleg [19, 88], tania [27]

Listeriosis and blackleg [18]

Stimulate lactation and evil eye [33], evil spirit [16], bloat, antitoxic and appetizer [92], anthelmintics [127], skin diseases [107], anthrax [36]

Urinary abnormalities [31]

Blackleg and endoparasite/abdominal pain [54, 108], diarrhoea [54, 95, 108], anthrax and wound [30], tryps and tsetse fly control [54], swelling, skin problem and snake bite [108], febrile illness [95]

Eye infection [99], bloat [100], swelling, evil spirit and eye disease [115]