Table 2 List of plants and fungi used by the Lhoba people in Douyu Village, Longzi County, Tibet, China

Vascular plants

Aceraceae

Acer caudatum Wall.

long de bi ya

QTP-EBT-0245

Tree

MCB

0.66

Food: beverage, tea substitute, and leaves soaked in water (leaves).

Aceraceae

Acer sp.

long de bi ya

QTP-EBT-0098

Tree

MCB

0.66

Food: beverage, tea substitute, and leaves soaked in water (leaves).

Araceae

Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott

luo ya, duo ya

QTP-EBT-0014

Herb

SBS

1.46

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (leaves).Medicinal: decoction, used to treat high blood pressure (tuber).

Asclepiadaceae

Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight

da guo

QTP-EBT-0078

Liana

SBS

0.49

Food: substitute for staple foods (fruits).

Asclepiadaceae

Cynanchum forrestii Schltr.

da ge cuo cuo

QTP-EBT-0082

Herb

SBS

0.49

Food: substitute for staple foods (fruits).

Asclepiadaceae

Cynanchum saccatum W. T. Wang ex Tsiang & P. T. Li

da li

QTP-EBT-0027

Liana

SBS

1.12

Food: staple food (fruits).Medicinal: decoction, used to treat lumbago, nephropathy, and arthralgia (roots).

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens cristata Wall.

duo da, duo ge le bu

QTP-EBT-0024

Herb

SBS

1.12

Dye: used to dye wood products yellow (flowers).Food: substitute for staple foods (fruits).

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens sp.

zhuo tai ya

QTP-EBT-0244

Herb

ASM

0.24

Artware: seed oil, used to polish furniture (seeds).

Berberidaceae

Berberis kongboensis Ahrendt

sha ma de wei, xia ma

QTP-EBT-0059

Shrub

MCB

2.37

Dye: used for children’s face decoration (fruits).Food: vegetable used to make salad (flowers); fruit (fruits); beverage, dry fruit in boiled water to drink (fruits).Medicinal: raw, used to treat diarrhea and stomachache (bark, fruits, and flowers).

Berberidaceae

Berberis xanthophloea Ahrendt

chen ma

QTP-EBT-0010

Shrub

SBS

2.37

Dye: used for children’s face decoration (fruits).Food: vegetable used to make salad (flowers); fruit (fruits); beverage, dry fruit in boiled water to drink (fruits).Medicinal: raw, used to treat diarrhea and stomachache (bark, fruits, flowers).

Berberidaceae

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying

guo duo, xi bi guo duo ke

QTP-EBT-0037

Herb

MCB

2.24

Food: fruit (fruits).Medicinal: raw, used to treat anemia and used as a cosmetic to maintain beauty and youth (fruits).Veterinary: decoction or raw, used as an oxytocic for yaks (fruits).

Bignoniaceae

Incarvillea beresowskii Batalin

da ge cuo cuo (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0224

Herb

ASM

0.12

Food: staple food, ground into powder to make tsampa (seeds).

Campanulaceae

Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz. var. vinciflora (Kom.) L. T. Shen

ji lu

QTP-EBT-0045

Liana

SBS

0.54

Food: substitute for staple food (roots).

Campanulaceae

Cyananthus incanus Hook. f. & Thoms.

dang jie men duo

QTP-EBT-0087

Herb

ASM

0.29

Medicinal: decoction, used to treat colds (whole plants).

Caprifoliaceae

Sambucus adnata Wall.

deng jie mai li, deng ga ya mi

QTP-EBT-0001

Herb

Fi

1.27

Food: fruit (fruits).Medicinal: decoction, placed on cuts or broken bones to reduce swelling and hasten healing and used to treat anemia (fruits).

Caryophyllaceae

Silene viscidula Franch.

su gei, su gu (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0049

Herb

MCB

0.37

Other: detergent substitute (roots).

Celastraceae

Euonymus tibeticus W. W. Smith

xing bu ke

QTP-EBT-0199

Shrub

SBS

0.29

Food: fruit (fruits).

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium album L.

dou yi

QTP-EBT-0007

Herb

Fi

0.88

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (stems and leaves).Medicinal: cooked, used to treat high blood pressure (stems and leaves).

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium hybridum L.

ji wo ju wo

QTP-EBT-0100

Herb

Fi

0.68

Food: cooked vegetable (stems and leaves).

Compositae

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.

yong ma ke, yong ma

QTP-EBT-0052

Herb

MCB

0.41

Fuel: kindling (whole plants).

Compositae

Arctium lappa L.

a bu xiong dei, de jiang ye liang

QTP-EBT-0084

Herb

Fi

0.88

Other: used by children to play games (fruits).

Compositae

Picris hieracioides L.

jia luo bing bing

QTP-EBT-0012

Herb

Fi

0.32

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (stems and leaves).

Compositae

Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino

ju yi cai, da bi da mi, ye gang de lang

QTP-EBT-0030

Herb

Fi

0.10

Medicinal: poisonous plant (whole plants).

Compositae

Taraxacum calanthodium Dahlst.

kun ma (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0069

Herb

SBS

1.20

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (whole plants).Medicinal: decoction or cooked, used to treat tumors and gynecologic diseases (whole plants).

Compositae

Taraxacum maurocarpum Dahlst.

kun ma (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0009

Herb

Fi

1.22

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (whole plants).Medicinal: decoction or cooked, used to treat gynecologic diseases (whole plants).

Crassulaceae

Sinocrassula densirosulata (Praeg.) Berger

xia jin xi wo bing de gang

QTP-EBT-0218

Herb

SBS

0.27

Hunting plant: used as food for lizards and then local people can collect lizard eggs (whole plants).

Crassulaceae

Rhodiola bupleuroides (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) S. H. Fu

xia jin xi wo bing de gang

QTP-EBT-0061

Herb

SBS

0.27

Hunting plant: used as food for lizards and then local people can collect lizard eggs (whole plants).

Crassulaceae

Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. et. Mey.

xia jin xi wo bing de gang

QTP-EBT-0015

Herb

SBS

0.64

Hunting plant: used as food for lizards and then local people can collect lizard eggs (whole plants).

Cupressaceae

Sabina convallium (Rehd. & Wils.) Cheng & W. T. Wang

su gei, su gei ai xing

QTP-EBT-0058

Shrub

SBS

1.78

Food: cooked vegetable, mixed with fruits and peas to make a salad (fruits).Fuel: fuelwood and kindling (stems, leaves).Ritual plant: incense (stems, leaves).

Elaeagnaceae

Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. gyantsensis Rousi

la xiong a xi, la xiong

QTP-EBT-0021

Tree

MCB

2.02

Food: fruit (fruits); beverage, fresh or dried fruits soaked in wine or water (fruits).Medicinal: to prepare a medical liquor, used to relieve altitude sickness (fruits).

Ericaceae

Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don

la qi la ni

QTP-EBT-0090

Shrub

ASM

0.73

Ritual plant: incense (stems, leaves).

Ericaceae

Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don

la qi la ni

QTP-EBT-0089

Shrub

ASM

0.73

Ritual plant: incense (stems, leaves).

Fabaceae

Hedysarum longigynophorum Ni

zhi ba, ye lu da bi

QTP-EBT-0064

Shrub

SBS

1.44

Agricultural tool: to make rope (roots).Food: substitute for staple foods (roots).Hunting plant: firelock fuse (roots).

Fabaceae

Indigofera hebepetala Benth. ex Baker var. glabra Ali

bi li mi ni

QTP-EBT-0050

Herb

MCB

0.20

Other: detergent substitute (roots).

Fabaceae

Medicago sativa L.

de bi

QTP-EBT-0101

Herb

Fi

0.80

Fodder: yak feed (whole plants).

Fabaceae

Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D. Don

xi wo dong da bi

QTP-EBT-0051

Shrub

MCB

0.05

Medicinal: poisonous plant (whole plants).

Fabaceae

Vicia cracca L.

de bi, ye lu de bi

QTP-EBT-0085

Liana

Fi

0.71

Fodder: yak feed (whole plants).

Fagaceae

Quercus aquifolioides Rehd. & Wils.

ge rui xi

QTP-EBT-0254

Tree

MCB

0.56

Ritual plant: sacrificial ceremony (stems, leaves).

Gentianaceae

Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook. f.

ji xiong (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0017

Herb

SBS

0.24

Medicinal: decoction, used to treat high-altitude pulmonary edema (whole plants); poultice of leaf epidermis, externally applied to treat scalds and wounds (leaves).

Gentianaceae

Swertia hookeri C. B. Clarke

ren ji, reng ge

QTP-EBT-0096

Herb

ASM

1.05

Medicinal: poultice of crushed roots, used to treat traumatic injury and wounds (roots); decoction, used to treat high blood pressure (roots).

Labiatae

Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim.

bi yang gu lu, zhi yang guo luo

QTP-EBT-0065

Herb

SBS

1.27

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (stems); seasoning (whole plants).

Labiatae

Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehd.

beng jie de nang

QTP-EBT-0046

Shrub

MCB

0.39

Food: seasoning (seeds).

Labiatae

Nepeta angustifolia C. Y. Wu

jiu, da pi de de ke, de fei dei dei ke

QTP-EBT-0066

Herb

SBS

0.17

Medicinal: veterinary, decoction, used to control animal ectoparasites (whole plants).

Labiatae

Phlomis betonicoides Diels

ge ma ma

QTP-EBT-0016

Herb

SBS

0.56

Food: cooked vegetable, raw (roots).

Labiatae

Salvia przewalskii Maxim.

hei me bu yong xie, ge ma ma

QTP-EBT-0013

Herb

SBS

0.76

Food: nectar used as seasoning, (flowers).

Liliaceae

Allium chrysanthum Regel

gu di, gu chi (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0203

Herb

SBS

0.93

Food: seasoning (whole plants).

Liliaceae

Allium fasciculatum Rendle

gu di, lin, da la bu

QTP-EBT-0095

Herb

ASM

1.00

Food: seasoning (whole plants).

Liliaceae

Allium hookeri Thwaites

da la pu

QTP-EBT-0200

Herb

SBS

0.66

Food: seasoning (whole plants).

Liliaceae

Allium sikkimense Baker

ri guo, da la pu

QTP-EBT-0092

Herb

ASM

0.80

Food: seasoning (whole plants).

Liliaceae

Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.

rang bu jiang jiang (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0018

Herb

SBS

1.68

Fodder: cooked to feed yaks (whole plants).Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (stems and leaves); staple food, stewed with potatoes or meat (rhizomes).Medicinal: decoction, used to treat nephropathy (whole plants).

Malvaceae

Malva verticillata L.

jiang ba

QTP-EBT-0097

Herb

Fi

0.93

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (stems).Medicinal: cooked, used to treat high-altitude pulmonary edema (whole plants).

Pinaceae

Picea likiangensis (Franch.) Pritz. var. lirzhiensis Cheng et L. K. Fu

da di, dang mu a xi

QTP-EBT-0047

Tree

MCB

0.85

Other: timber (stems).

Plantaginaceae

Plantago depressa Willd.

jia gu ma

QTP-EBT-0011

Herb

Fi

0.54

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (whole plants).

Polygonaceae

Polygonum lapathifolium L. var. salicifolium Sibth.

liang luo

QTP-EBT-0243

Herb

ASM

0.37

Other: tobacco substitute (seeds, flowers).

Polygonaceae

Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don

rong bu

QTP-EBT-0086

Herb

ASM

1.10

Food: staple food, a substitute for tsampa (seeds)Medicinal: decoction, used to treat arthralgia (roots).

Polygonaceae

Polygonum tortuosum D. Don

bi yong jiong, yang lou

QTP-EBT-0088

Herb

ASM

0.41

Other: tobacco substitute (seeds, flowers).

Polygonaceae

Rheum acuminatum Hook. f. & Thoms. ex Hook.

jing la

QTP-EBT-0230

Herb

MCB

0.34

Food: cooked vegetable, to be eaten directly after peeling (stems).

Polygonaceae

Rumex nepalensis Spreng.

jiong xiong, ye ke ya ma

QTP-EBT-0091

Herb

ASM

1.73

Food: vegetable, the stems eaten directly after peeling and the flowers eaten directly (stems, flowers).Medicinal: raw, used to relieve altitude sickness and to treat dyspepsia (leaves).

Polypodiaceae

Polypodiodes subamoena (C. B. Clarke) Ching

ai dei bu de, en ni

QTP-EBT-0043

Herb

MCB

0.47

Medicinal: poultice of stem water extracts, used to treat chapped skin (stems).Ritual plant: divination (leaves).

Pteridiaceae

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller

da po xiu, da fei, yo

QTP-EBT-0068

Herb

MCB

0.83

Food: cooked vegetable (stems).

Ranunculaceae

Aconitum kongboense Lauener

wo miu

QTP-EBT-0251

Herb

SBS

0.07

Hunting plant: used to make poisoned arrows for hunting (root tubers).Medicinal: poisonous plant (root tuber).

Ranunculaceae

Paeonia ludlowii (Stern & G.Taylor) D.Y.Hong

ba bu ba xi, bian ma se pu (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0028

Shrub

SBS

0.80

Food: staple food, seed powder used to make tsampa (seeds); edible oil (seeds).Medicinal: poultice, used to dye hair (seeds oil).

Ranunculaceae

Clematis tenuifolia Royle

a shen da li

QTP-EBT-0070

Liana

SBS

0.22

Medical: veterinary, decoction, used to treat animal skin infection (whole plants); poisonous plant, leaf epidermis causes human skin allergy (leaves).

Ranunculaceae

Thalictrum finetii Boivin

nie ba (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0048

Herb

MCB

1.07

Dye plant (roots).Other: detergent substitute (roots).

Rhamnaceae

Berchemia longipedicellata Y. L. Chen & P. K. Chou

guo lang, bu da xing xi

QTP-EBT-0006

Shrub

SBS

1.80

Food: fruit (fruits); beverage, fresh or dry fruits in boiled water to drink (fruits).

Rhamnaceae

Berchemia yunnanensis Franch.

guo lang

QTP-EBT-0075

Shrub

SBS

1.93

Food: fruit (fruits); beverage, fresh or dry fruits in boiled water to drink (fruits).

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus dumetorum Schneid

da niu da wei

QTP-EBT-0191

Shrub

SBS

0.12

Fodder: yak feed (leaves).

Rosaceae

Cerasus rufa Wall.

ge ga ke, ge le gong, ge ga a xi

QTP-EBT-0076

Tree

MCB

1.41

Agricultural tool: used to make agricultural tools (branches).Hunting plant: food for bears (fruits).

Rosaceae

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. var. thymifolius (Baker) Koehne

se ba

QTP-EBT-0057

Shrub

SBS

0.73

Agricultural tool: used to make agricultural tools (branches).

Rosaceae

Fragaria gracilis Lozinsk.

jing bu lei

QTP-EBT-0226

Herb

MCB

1.00

Food: fruit (fruits).

Rosaceae

Rosa sericea Lindl. f. glandulosa Yu & Ku

xiu, xiu gu xi

QTP-EBT-0003

Shrub

SBS

1.78

Food: fruit (fruits); beverage, roots soaked in water (roots).Medicinal: raw, used to treat anemia and to maintain beauty and youth (fruits).

Rosaceae

Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle

da li meng duo

QTP-EBT-0077

Shrub

SBS

1.37

Food: fruit (fruits); vegetable, raw or cooked (stems).

Rosaceae

Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Smith

ren bu dao wei, ri bu

QTP-EBT-0023

Shrub

SBS

1.59

Food: fruit (fruits); beverage, fruit in boiled water to drink (fruits).

Rosaceae

Rubus ellipticus Smith

zi ga

QTP-EBT-0227

Shrub

SBS

1.00

Food: fruit (fruits).

Rosaceae

Sorbus rehderiana Koehne

ma mu

QTP-EBT-0236

Tree

MCB

0.32

Hunting plant: food for bears (fruits).

Saxifragaceae

Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne.

dong nai ya yi, jiong duo (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0022

Shrub

SBS

1.39

Food: fruit (fruits).

Saxifragaceae

Ribes laciniatum Hook. f. & Thoms.

ku nu

QTP-EBT-0246

Tree

MCB

1.00

Food: fruit (fruits).

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga umbellulata Hook. f. & Thoms.

bi xi mi, di zha (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0020

Herb

SBS

0.32

Medicinal: decoction, used as choleretic (whole plants).

Solanaceae

Anisodus luridus Link & Otto

ruo ge bu

QTP-EBT-0225

Herb

MCB

0.41

Fodder: yak feed (leaves).Medicinal: poultice, placed on cuts or broken bones to reduce swelling and hasten healing (roots).

Solanaceae

Solanum nigrum L.

he le

QTP-EBT-0099

Herb

Fi

0.83

Food: cooked vegetable (stems and leaves).

Tamaricaceae

Myricaria squamosa Desv.

qu xiu en guo

QTP-EBT-0094

Shrub

ASM

0.25

Medicinal: raw, tender stems and leaves used to treat colds and used as an antitussive (stems and leaves).

Rubiaceae

Leptodermis pilosa Diels

zha ma li se (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0060

Shrub

SBS

0.73

Food: nectar used as seasoning (flower).

Thymelaeaceae

Stellera chamaejasme L.

c

QTP-EBT-0039

Herb

MCB

0.59

Other: used to make paper (roots).

Thymelaeaceae

Wikstroemia lungtzeensis S. C. Huang

xiu xin

QTP-EBT-0054

Shrub

SBS

0.54

Other: used to make paper (barks).

Ulmaceae

Betula utilis D. Don

che ba

QTP-EBT-0238

Tree

MCB

0.20

Artware: used to make wooden bowls and spoons (stem).

Umbelliferae

Heracleum candicans var. obtusifolium (Wall. ex de Candolle) F. T. Pu & M. F. Watson

dong bu

QTP-EBT-0042

Herb

MCB

1.02

Food: substitute for staple foods (stems).

Umbelliferae

Pimpinella xizangense Shan & Pu

mi ru

QTP-EBT-0040

Herb

MCB

1.80

Food: substitute for staple foods (stems); seasoning (fruits).

Umbelliferae

Vicatia thibetica de Boiss.

en nin, jia

QTP-EBT-0019

Herb

SBS

2.15

Food: cooked vegetable, used to make soup (roots); staple food, mixed with flour to make cakes (leaves).Medicinal: decoction, used to treat high blood pressure and to relieve altitude sickness (roots).

Urticaceae

Urtica dioica L.

xia di, sha zhi (Tibetan)

QTP-EBT-0217

Herb

SBS

0.63

Fodder: mixed with tsampa to feed yaks (flowers).Food: cooked vegetable (flowers, leaves).

Urticaceae

Urtica membranifolia C. J. Chen

xia dei, bu xu bu you

QTP-EBT-0102

Herb

Fi

0.73

Food: cooked vegetable (leaves).

Fungi

Agaricaceae

Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser

da ying

QTP-EBT-0221

Herb

SBS

0.76

Food: boiled, barbecued, in fried dishes, or raw (entire fruit body).