Table 1 Animal species with ethnozoological uses reported by Riffian Berbers of the Eastern Rif (N Morocco; name of the tribes included). Species are arranged in alphabetical order within taxonomic groups for the readers’ convenience. In the use column, numbers between brackets follow the ICD-11 ([62], Table S1). D = Dioscorides, IB = Ibn al-Baytar (coincident uses), M = Magico-religious use, V = Veterinary use, * = Use not currently practiced by at least one informant, UR = Use reports

 Apis mellifera (Apidae)

Bee

Beni Waryager

Bokoya

Targuist

Stomach pain (13)

Honey

Ingestion

1

4

Against the cold (23) D IB

Entire

Sting in affected area or in the body

2

Reumatism (15)^a

Entire

Sting in affected area or in the body.

1

 Lampyridae

Firefly

Beni Tuzin

Antivenom (22)

Entire

Ingestion (dry, pulverized).

2

2

 Sclerophrys mauritanica

 (Bufonidae)

Moroccan toad

Ketama

Rough sole (14) M^a D IB

Entire

Topical

1

1

 Chamaeleo chamaeleon

 (Chamaeleonidae)

Common chameleon

Targuist

Beni Waryager

Stomach pain, diarrhea (13)

Blood

Drink

1

3

Calmative (21)^a

Blood

Drink

1

Against evil eye (26) M^a

Entire

Inhale smoke when burning

1

 Psammodromus algirus

 (Lacertidae)

Large psammodromus

Temsaman

Reumathism (15) M^a

Entire

Amulet

1

1

 Ophidia

snake

Bokoya

Beni Waryager

Cancer (2)^a

Meat

Stewed

4

7

To kill someone (22)^a

Venom

Venom Ingestion

2

Rough skin (14)^a

skin

Rubbing

1

 Testudo graeca

 (Testudinidae)

Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise

Bokoya,

Beni Waryager

Temsaman

Targuist

Beni Tuzin

Lactation cessation (5)^a

Meat

Stewed

4

22

Entire

Ashes ingestion

6

General healing (26)^a

Meat

Stewed

3

Entire

Ashes ingestion

1

Stomach pain (13)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Hypothermia (23)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Leucodermia (14)^a

Meat

Mixed with henna

1

Start walking delay (20) M^a

Entire

Wash over

1

Against evil eye (26) M^a

Entire

Wash over

1

Reumathism (15)^a

Entire

Wash over

1

Pneumonia, bronchitis (12) M

Entire

Keep in courtyard

2

 Athene noctua

 (Strigidae)

Litle owl

Beni Waryager

Sorcery (bad omen) (26) M

Entire

1

1

 Alectoris barbara

 (Phasianidae)

Moroccan partridge

Beni Waryager

Measles (1)

Entire

Stewed

2

2

 Bubulcus ibis

 (Ardeidae)

Cattle egret

Beni Waryager

General healing (26)^a

Entire

Stewed

1

1

 Columba livia

 (Columbinae)

Rock pigeon

Bokoya

Beni Waryager

General healing (26)^a

Entire

Stewed

2

3

General stimulant (21)^a

Entire

Stewed

1

 Corvus corax

 (Corvidae)

Raven

Targuist

Bokoya

Generate insomnia (7) M^a

Entire

Stewed

2

4

Improve sight (9)^a

Entire

Stewed

1

Asthma (12)^a

Blood

Drink

1

 Gallus gallus

 (Phasianidae)

Hen

Beni Waryager

Bokoya

General healing (26) D IB

Meat

Stewed

1

3

Be cold (23)

Entire

Stewed

2

 Upupa epops

 (Upupidae)

Hoopoe

Beni Waryager

Targuist

Beni Tuzin

General healing (26)^a

Blood

Drink

3

13

Meat

Stewed

2

Lack of concentration (6) M^a IB

Blood

Drink

2

Generate insomnia (7) M^a

Blood

Drink

1

Meat

Stewed

1

Against bad luck (26) M^a

Bone

Mixed with henna

1

Sorcery (26) M^a IB

Entire

No information

1

Bone

No information

1

Feather

No information

1

 Atelerix algirus

 (Erinaceidae)

Algerian hedgehog

Beni Waryager

Targuist

Temsamán

Bokoya

Beni Tuzin

Against evil eye (26) M^a

Spines

Smoke in contact with eyes when burning

2

18

Weakness, tiredness (21)

Meat

Stewed

1

General healing (26)^a

Meat

Stewed

2

Blood

Drink

3

Stomach disorder, diarrhea (13)^a

Blood

Drink

2

Entire

Ashes ingestion

4

Asthma (12)^a

Blood

Drink

1

Hypothermia (23)^a

Entire

Ashes ingestion

2

Livestock general healing V^a

Gut

Inhale the smoke when burning

1

 Bos taurus

 (Bovidae)

Cow

Bokoya

External hemorrhage (23)^a

Fat

Topical

1

4

Hyperglycemia (5)^a

Fat

Topical

1

Bronchitis, pneumonia (12)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Renal disturb (16)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

 Bos taurus

 (Bovidae)

Bull

Bokoya

Snake repellent (26) M^a

Horn

Inhale vapor when boiled

1

4

Hair strengthening (14)^a

Urine

Rubbing

1

Vomit (13)^a

Liver

Drink

2

 Camelus dromedarius

 (Camelidae)

Camel

Temsamán

Beni Waryager

Bokoya

Fever (21)

Meat

Stewed

1

26

Join pain (15)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Fat

Topical

1

Aging (21)

Meat

Stewed

1

Painful urination (16)

Meat

Stewed

1

General healing (26)

Meat

Stewed

1

Meat

Topical

1

Urine

Topical

1

Milk

As a drink

1

Herpes (1)

Meat

Topical

1

Sight improving (9) M

Meat

Boiled. Eyes in contact with steam

1

Hemorrhois (20)

Fat

Topical

1

Diabetes (7)

Fat

Topical

4

Milk

Drink

4

Snake repellent (26)

Fat

Topical

1

Lices (1)

Urine

Rubbing

1

Dandruff (20)

Urine

Rubbing

1

Hair color loss (14)

Urine

Rubbing

1

Nose mucus excess (12)

Urine

Topical

1

Nose-bleed (12)

Urine

Topical

1

 Canis lupaster

 (Canidae)

African wolf

Bokoya

Beni Waryager

Targuist

Temsaman

Against fear (26) M^a

Meat

Stewed

1

10

General healing (26)

Meat

Stewed

1

Entire

Ashes ingestion

1

Stay awake (7) M^a

Meat

Stewed

1

General weakness (21) M

Meat

Stewed

1

Baldness prevention (14) M^a

Fat

Topical

1

Against coldness (23)^a

Fat

Topical

1

Entire

Ashes ingestion

2

Stomach pain (13)^a

Gut

Oil ingestion after frying

1

 Canis lupus familiaris

 v(Canidae)

Dog

Targuist

Temsamán

Anti-envenomation (22) M^a

Blood

Drink

1

2

Stomach cancer (2) M^a

Meat

Stewed

1

 Capra aegagrus

 (Bovidae)

Domestic goat

Bokoya

Beni Waryager

Anti-envenomation (22) M^a

Meat

Stewed

1

3

Recovery after fall (15) M^a

Skin

Sleep on the leather

1

Against fear (26) M^a

Dung

Heated by charcoal above the patient

1

 Equus asinus

 (Equidae)

Donkey

Bokoya

Targuist

Beni Waryager

Lactation cessation (5)^a

Milk

Drink

3

9

Make a person acquire an idiot behavior (26) M^a

Ear

Stewed

6

 Equus caballus

 (Equidae)

Horse

Beni Waryager

Migraine (8)^a

Hoof

Inhale smoke when burning

1

1

 Felis lybica

 (Felidae)

Domestic cat

Beni Waryager

Nail troubles (20) M^a

Ear

Nails inside cat ears

4

4

 Gazella cuvieri

 (Bovidae)

Cuvier’s gazelle

Beni Waryager

Diuretic (16)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

1

 Hyaena hyaena

 (Hyaenidae)

Striped hyena

Beni Tuzin

Sorcery (26) M^a

Unknown

No information

2

2

 Mustela nivalis

 (Mustelidae)

Weasel

Beni Tuzin

Sorcery (26) M^a

Entire

No information

1

3

Asthma (12)^a

Blood

Drink

1

General healing (26)

Meat

Stewed

1

 Oryctolagus cuniculus

 (Leporidae)

Rabbit

Bokoya

Epilepsy (8) M^a

Meat

Stewed

1

3

Lower body paralysis (8) M^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Urinary retention (16)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

 Ovis aries

 (Bovidae)

Sheep

Beni Waryager

Bokoya

Cough (12)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

4

Chest pain (12)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Painful urination (16)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Against fear (26) M^a

Dung

Heated by charcoal above the patient

1

 Ovis aries

 (Bovidae)

Lamb

Beni Waryager

Bokoya

Oral inflammation, dental problems (20)

Jaw

Heated and topical

2

2

 Panthera leo

 (Felidae)

Lion

Beni Waryager

Back pain (15)^a

Fat

Heated and topical

1

3

Reumathism (15)^a

Fat

Heated and topical

1

Heart weakness (11)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

 Sus scrofa

 (Suidae)

Wild boar

Bokoya and Beni Waryager

Stomach pain (13)^a

Gut

Stewed

1

5

Gut troubles (13)^a

Gut

Stewed

1

Against evil eye (26) M^a

Tusks

Amulet

3

 Vulpes vulpes

 (Canidae)

Fox

Beni Waryager

Bokoya

Targuist

Ketama

Temsamán

Beni Tuzin

Join pain (15)^a IB

Meat

Stewed

1

26

Asthma (12)^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Entire

Ashes ingestion

6

Blood

Drink

6

Livestock general healing V^a

Meat

Stewed

1

Children weakness (21)^a

Entire

Ashes ingestion

1

General healing (26)^a

Entire

Ashes ingestion

7

Tuberculosis (12)^a

Entire

Ashes ingestion

1

Cancer (2)^a

Blood

Drink

2