Table 1 Ethnoveterinary studies of Pakistan considered in the current review

Abbasi et al. [24]

89

Yes

Yes

Yes

Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra

Hindko

Farmers, shepherds, housewives, and herbalists

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach was adopted. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews.

Cultural importance index (CI) was used to analyze the data.

Ahmad et al. [25]

22

Yes

Yes

Yes

Thakht-e-Sulaiman Hills

Pashto

Male informants

Snowball sampling and detailed unstructured interviews were utilized as well as group discussions.

Informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) were calculated and applied to the collected data.

Ahmed & Murtaza [26]

24

No

Yes

Yes

District Muzaffarabad

Hindku

Males and females (local healers and shepherds)

Data was collected through semi-structured interviews.

Informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) were used to analyze the data.

Ali et al. [27]

51

Yes

Yes

Yes

Central Karakoram National Park

Balti

Traditional healers and livestock holders (men and women)

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach was adopted. Data was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews.

Informant consensus factor (ICF) was used to analyze the data.

Aziz et al [28]

94

Yes

Yes

Yes

South Waziristan, Bajaur

Pashto

Local peoples (men and women)

Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data, which was analyzed through informant consensus factor (ICF).

Badar et al. [29]

46

No

Yes

Yes

District Jhang

Punjabi

Traditional healers

Rapid and participatory rural appraisal techniques were used for collection of information i.e. interviews and focus group discussions were utilized to gather the data. Data was not subjected to applied statistics.

Deeba et al. [30]

39

No

Yes

Yes

Faisalabad

Not mentioned

Elders and traditional healers

Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques were used for selection of key respondents. Data was gathered through unstructured interviews. Gathered data was not subjected to applied statistics.

Dilshad et al. [31]

66

No

Yes

Yes

District Sargodha

Punjabi

Traditional veterinary healers

Information was collected using rapid and participatory rural appraisal techniques through interviews and focus group discussions. Data was not subjected to applied statistics.

Dilshad et al. [32]

25

No

Yes

Yes

District Sargodha

Not mentioned

Traditional healers

Information was collected using a well-structured questionnaire, open ended interviews and guided dialogue techniques. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Farooq et al. [33]

18

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cholistan Desert

Saraiki

Traditional healers and herdsmen (males)

Rapid rural appraisal approach was adopted. Data was gathered using a well-structured questionnaire and through open-ended interviews and guided dialogue techniques. Data was not subjected to applied statistics.

Harun et al. [34]

53

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kasur, Faisalabad, Vehari, Sargodha, Gujrat, Narowal

Punjabi

Males and females, shepherds, and ruminant caretakers

Group discussions and individual ethnobotanical semi-structured interviewing techniques were used for data collection. Data was analyzed through relative frequency of citation (RFC), pair wise comparison method (PC), cluster analysis and descriptive statistics.

Hussain et al. [35]

41

Yes

Yes

Yes

District Sahiwal

Punjabi and Saraiki

Traditional veterinary healers

Participatory rural appraisal approach for data collection using a well-structured questionnaire. Information was collected through interviews and focus group discussions. No ethnobotanical indices were used to analyze the data.

Islam et al. [36]

30

No

Yes

No

Mansehra

Hindko, Gurjar, Pashto

Local people

Data was gathered through questionnaires and interviews but lacked useful information on the type of interview and questionnaire. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Khan & Hanif [37]

54

Yes

Yes

Yes

District Bhimber, Azad Kashmir

Not mentioned

Healers and male informants, shepherds, farmers, and herbal sellers

Data was gathered through interviews but lacked useful information on the type of interview. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Khan et al. [38]

83

No

Yes

Yes

District Peshawar

Pashto

Local healers

Data was gathered through a questionnaire and interviews but lacked useful information on the type of interview and questionnaire. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Khan et al. [39]

35

no

Yes

Yes

Cholistan Desert

Not mentioned

Local pastoralists, veterinary practitioners, and quacks

Data was collected through open-ended interviews and guided dialogue techniques. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Khan et al. [40]

19

Yes

Yes

Yes

Poonch Valley, Azad Kashmir

Not mentioned

Local men and women

Data was gathered through interviews but lacked useful information on the type of interview. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Khan et al. [41]

13

No

Yes

No

Deosai Plateau

Shina

Local experts (both men and women)

Data and related information were collected through semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using use value (UV) and relative citation frequency (RFCs).

Khattak et al. [42]

46

No

Yes

Yes

Karak District

Pashto

Elders (male and females)

Data was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using use value (UV).

Khuroo et al. [43]

24

No

Yes

Yes

Kashmir Himalaya

Not mentioned

Traditional healers

Data was gathered through interviews but lacked useful information on the type of interview. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Mirani et al. [44]

22

No

Yes

Yes

Tharparkar

Not mentioned

Farmers

Data was collected through semi-structured open-ended interviews, observations, focus group discussions through participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Mirani et al. [123]

35

No

Yes

Yes

Tharparkar

Not mentioned

Cattle farmers

Data was collected through semi-structured open-ended interviews, observations, focus group discussions through participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Muhammad et al. [45]

22

No

Yes

Yes

Faisalabad

Not mentioned

Owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels

Data was collected through a questionnaire but lacked useful information on its nature. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Mussarat et al. [46]

43

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indus River

Saraiki

Community members (male and female)

Semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Informant consensus and fidelity level as well as direct matrix ranking were used to analyze the data.

Raza et al. [47]

64

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cholistan Desert

Saraiki

Livestock farmers and livestock healers

Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Raziq et al. [48]

8

No

Yes

Yes

Sulaiman Mountain

Not mentioned

Camel healers and healers

Data was collected through interviews but lacked useful information on its nature. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Shah et al. [49]

54

Yes

Yes

Yes

District Abbottabad

Not mentioned

Traditional healers, women, and herdsmen

Data was collected through interviews but lacked useful information on its nature. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Sher et al. [50]

29

No

Yes

Yes

District Swat

Pashto

Males

Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was not analyzed using any ethnobotanical index.

Sindhu et al. [51]

35

No

Yes

Yes

District Mansehra

Not mentioned

Veterinarians, local healers, and farmers

Data was collected through interviews but lacked useful information on its nature. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Sindhu et al. [52]

35

No

Yes

Yes

District Jhang

Urdu

Veterinarians and local communities

Data was collected through interviews but lacked useful information on its nature. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Tariq et al. [53]

41

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kohat

Hindko

Local farmers and nomadic people

Semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Informant consensus and fidelity level were used to analyze the data.

Tariq et al. [54]

24

No

Yes

Yes

Hangu region

Pashto

Farmers and migrants (Afghan refugees)

Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed through informant consensus and fidelity level.

ul Islam et al. [55]

28

No

Yes

Yes

Malakand Valley

Not mentioned

Local communities men and women

Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed through direct matrix ranking (DMR).

Ullah et al. [56]

60

No

Yes

No

District Charsadda

Pashto

Local peoples including farmers

The methodological framework is ambiguous with no clear indication of used questionnaires or interviews. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.

Yousafzai et al. [57]

49

No

Yes

Yes

Marghazar Valley, District Swat

Not mentioned

Males and females

The methodological framework is ambiguous with no clear indication of used questionnaires or interviews. Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index.