The use of medicinal plants by the population from the Protected Landscape of “Serra de Montejunto”, Portugal

Vinagre, Cidália; Vinagre, Sandra; Carrilho, Ermelinda

doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0309-0

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Plants with medicinal uses reported by at least three informants

From: The use of medicinal plants by the population from the Protected Landscape of “Serra de Montejunto”, Portugal

Botanical family, scientific name	Local portuguese names	FC^a	RFC^b	Popular use	Part(s) used	Preparation	Administration	Condition	Actual use	UR_i^c	UR^d	CI^e	Voucher number
Amaranthaceae
Gomphrena globosa L.	Perpétuas-roxas	4	0.05	Respiratory—hoarseness	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Dried	No	4	4	0.05	LISI 406/2019
Amaryllidaceae
Allium cepa L.	Cebola	42	0.54	Respiratory—bronchitis, cough, hoarseness, throat	Onion skin	Infusion, syrup (sugar maceration, some with lemon or orange skin), vapors	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	44	51	0.65	LISI 357/2019
				Urinary—diuretic, urinary tract	Bulb	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	3
				Dermatological—furuncles	Bulb	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes	2
				Other—earache	Bulb	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes	2
Allium sativum L.	Alho, alho-comum	34	0.44	Digestive—constipation	Bulb	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	46	0.59	LISI 358/2019
				Circulatory—blood pressure, blood purifier, cholesterol	Bulb	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	8
				Dermatological—cuts, furuncles, herpes, infection skin, insect bites, pimples, shingles, wounds, wounds on lips	Bulb	Direct application (some frying in olive oil or with oil from wheat)	External	Fresh	Yes or no	27
				Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Bulb	Alcohol maceration (some with black bryony), direct ingestion	External, oral	Fresh	Yes or no	7
				Other—earache	Bulb	Direct application (frying in olive oil)	External	Fresh	Yes	2
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Coriandrum sativum L.	Coentros, coentro, coriandro	4	0.05	Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 377/2019
Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens	Cenoura	71	0.91	Digestive—liver	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	72	0.92	LISI 408/2019
	Cenoura	71	0.91	Respiratory—cold, cough	Root	Syrup (sugar maceration, some with juice of lemon or blue chalk sticks)	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	70	72	0.92	LISI 408/2019
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Funcho, fiôlho	7	0.09	Digestive—digestion, intestines	Aerial part, fruit, seeds	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	5	7	0.09	LISI 69/2019
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Funcho, fiôlho	7	0.09	Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	2	7	0.09	LISI 69/2019
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W.Hill	Salsa	10	0.13	Digestive—digestion, disinfectant of the digestive system, stomach	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	6	17	0.22	LISI 378/2019
				Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, prostate	Aerial part	Direct ingestion, infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	2
				Other—anti-cancerous	Aerial part	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	5
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Arctium minus Bernh.	Bardana, bardana-ordinária, pegamasso--menor	3	0.04	Digestive—liver	Root	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	3	6	0.08	LISI 379/2019
Arctium minus Bernh.	Bardana, bardana-ordinária, pegamasso--menor	3	0.04	Circulatory—blood purifier	Root	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	3	6	0.08	LISI 379/2019
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.	Macela, marcela, cabecinha-de-marcela, cabecinha-de-macela	19	0.24	Digestive—appetite, belly ache, digestion, parasites, stomach	Aerial part, flower	Cooking (with bran), infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	17	25	0.32	LISI 70/2019
				Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part, flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	2
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	2
				Other—fever	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	4
Lactuca sativa L.	Alface, alface-hortense	4	0.05	Neurological—tranquillizer	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 359/2019
Leucanthemum sylvaticum (Brot.) Nyman	Margarida-branca, bem-me-quer, margarida--maior	3	0.04	Circulatory—blood pressure	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3	3	0.04	LISI 71/2019
Matricaria recutita L.	Camomila, margaça, margacinha, matricária	36	0.46	Digestive—digestion, stomach	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	8	40	0.51	LISI 405/2019
Matricaria recutita L.	Camomila, margaça, margacinha, matricária	36	0.46	Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part, flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	32	40	0.51	LISI 405/2019
Senecio serpens G.D.Rowley	Bálsamo	40	0.51	Respiratory—cough	Leaves	Syrup (sugar maceration, some with carrot)	Oral	Fresh	Yes	5	42	0.54	LISI 360/2019
Senecio serpens G.D.Rowley	Bálsamo	40	0.51	Dermatological—cicatrizing, insect bites, wounds	Leaves, sap	Direct application, ointment (with olive oil and elderberry)	External	Fresh	Yes or no	37	42	0.54	LISI 360/2019
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Cardo-leiteiro, cardo-mariano, cardo-de--santa-maria	4	0.05	Circulatory—blood purifier	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 356/2019
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.	Dente-de-leão, taráxaco	7	0.09	Digestive—intestines, liver	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	6	10	0.13	LISI 120/2019
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.	Dente-de-leão, taráxaco	7	0.09	Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	4	10	0.13	LISI 120/2019
Boraginaceae
Borago officinalis L.	Borragem, erva-da-borragem, borago, chupa--mel	10	0.13	Respiratory—cold	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	2	11	0.14	LISI 72/2019
				Dermatological—burns, infection skin, wounds	Leaves	Direct application (some heated in the candle), infusion	External	Fresh or dried	No	3
				Other—fever	Aerial part, flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	6
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Brassica napus L.	Nabo, nabiça, colza	4	0.05	Respiratory—bronchitis, catarrh, cough, whooping cough	Root	Syrup	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	8	8	0.10	LISI 361/2019
Brassica oleracea L.	Couve	4	0.05	Digestive—stomach, ulcers	Leaves	Direct ingestion (juice from leaves)	Oral	Fresh	No	4	4	0.05	LISI 362/2019
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.	Bolsa-de-pastor, erva-do-bom-pastor	12	0.15	Digestive—intestines, stomach	Aerial part, fruit	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	4	20	0.26	LISI 73/2019
				Urinary—bladder, diuretic, kidney stone, urinary infection	Aerial part, fruit	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	14
				Circulatory—hemorrhages	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	2
Cactaceae
Opuntia maxima Mill.	Figueira-da-índia, cato-dos-figos-da-índia, figueira-da-barbária	3	0.04	Respiratory—bronchitis, cough	Fruit, latex, leaves	Syrup	Oral	Fresh	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 380/2019
Caprifoliaceae
Sambucus nigra L.	Sabugueiro, sabugo, sabugueiro-negro, sabugueiro-preto	16	0.21	Respiratory—influenza	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	17	0.22	LISI 74/2019
				Urinary—bladder, diuretic	Flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	2
				Dermatological—furuncles, hair, infection skin, wounds	Flower, leaves	Direct application (crushed leaves), infusion, ointment (some with olive oil and blue chalk sticks)	External	Fresh or dried	No	13
Caryophyllaceae
Paronychia argentea Lam.	Erva-prata, erva-dos-unheiros, erva-dos--linheiros, paroníquia	11	0.14	Digestive—stomach	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	8	11	0.14	LISI 75/2019
Paronychia argentea Lam.		11	0.14	Circulatory—blood pressure	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	3	11	0.14	LISI 75/2019
Cistaceae
Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp.	Erva-da-desinfeção, erva-da-infeção, alcar, erva-das-túberas	16	0.21	Dermatological—wounds	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	External	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	16	16	0.21	LISI 76/2019
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai	Melancia, melancieira	4	0.05	Urinary—diuretic	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 412/2019
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne	Abóbora, aboboreira	5	0.06	Digestive—parasites, stomach	Fruit, seeds	Cooking (fruit pulp), direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3	5	0.06	LISI 363/2019
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne	Abóbora, aboboreira	5	0.06	Reproductive—prostate	Seeds	Direct ingestion	Oral	Dried	Yes or no	2	5	0.06	LISI 363/2019
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich.	Pepino-de-são-gregório, pepineiro-de-são--gregório, pepineiro-bravo	6	0.08	Respiratory—sinusitis	Fruit	Direct application	External	Fresh	No	6	6	0.08	LISI 78/2019
Cupressaceae
Juniperus turbinata Guss.	Zimbro	4	0.05	Urinary—diuretic	Fruit	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 77/2019
Dioscoreaceae
Tamus communis L.	Bódanha, baganha, norça-preta, uva-de-cão, arrebenta-boi	43	0.55	Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Fruit	Alcohol maceration (some with garlic)	External	Fresh	Yes or no	43	43	0.55	LISI 79/2019
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense L.	Pinheirinha, cavalinha, cavalinha-dos--campos, erva-cavalinha, rabo-de-cavalo	40	0.51	Digestive—intestines, liver	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5	64	0.82	LISI 80/2019
				Urinary—bladder, diuretic, kidneys, urinary infection, urinary tract	Aerial part	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	36
				Circulatory—blood pressure, blood purifier, cholesterol, diabetes, uric acid	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	8
				Skeleton and muscles—mineralizing	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, prostate	Aerial part	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	12
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.	Pinheirinha, cavalinha, rabo-de-cavalo	40	0.51	Digestive—intestines, liver	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5	64	0.82	LISI 81/2019
				Urinary—bladder, diuretic, kidneys, urinary infection, urinary tract	Aerial part	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	36
				Circulatory—blood pressure, blood purifier, cholesterol, diabetes, uric acid	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	8
				Skeleton and muscles—mineralizing	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, prostate	Aerial part	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	12
Ericaceae
Arbutus unedo L.	Medronheiro, ervedeiro, êrvodo	4	0.05	Circulatory—cholesterol	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 82/2019
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.	Torga, urze, queiroga	5	0.06	Circulatory—gout	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	5	5	0.06	LISI 83/2019
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia characias L.	Leite-latrigueira, malateira-maior, trovisco-macho	23	0.29	Dermatological—warts	Latex	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes	23	23	0.29	LISI 84/2019
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Cytisus grandiflorus (Brot.) DC.	Giesta, giesta-das-sebes, giesteira-das-sebes	5	0.06	Digestive—liver	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	3	8	0.10	LISI 85/2019
				Urinary—kidneys	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	3
				Circulatory—heart	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	2
Lupinus albus L.	Tremoceiro, tremoceiro-branco, tremoço, tremoço-branco	5	0.06	Circulatory—cholesterol, diabetes	Seeds	Cooking, direct ingestion (water seeds maceration)	Oral	Dried	Yes or no	5	5	0.06	LISI 382/2019
Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Feijoeiro, feijoeiro-vulgar, feijão	3	0.04	Circulatory—diabetes	Pericarp	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	3	3	0.04	LISI 383/2019
Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk.	Carqueja, carqueija, carqueijeira	30	0.38	Digestive—diarrhea, liver, stomach	Aerial part, flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	7	44	0.56	LISI 86/2019
				Respiratory—asthma, cold	Aerial part, flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	2
				Urinary—bladder, diuretic, kidneys	Flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	6
				Circulatory—blood pressure, blood purifier, cholesterol, diabetes, heart	Aerial part, flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	24
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part, flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3
				Reproductive—prostate	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	2
Ulex airensis Esp.Santo, Cubas, Lousã, C.Pardo & J.C.Costa	Tojo	3	0.04	Digestive—liver	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 87/2019
Ulex jussiaei Webb	Tojo, tojo-durázio	3	0.04	Digestive—liver	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 88/2019
Ulex minor var. lusitanicus (Webb) C.Vicioso	Tojo, tojo-molar, tojo-branco, tojo-gatanho--menor	3	0.04	Digestive—liver	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 89/2019
Vicia faba L.	Faveira, fava	4	0.05	Urinary—kidneys	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	2	10	0.13	LISI 364/2019
				Circulatory—gout	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	2
				Dermatological—to stop bleeding, wounds	Seed coat	Direct application	External	Dried	No	4
				Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Flower	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	2
Fagaceae
Quercus coccifera L.	Carrasco, carrasqueiro	22	0.28	Digestive—diarrhea	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	18	25	0.32	LISI 90/2019
Quercus coccifera L.	Carrasco, carrasqueiro	22	0.28	Circulatory—blood purifier, cholesterol, diabetes	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	7	25	0.32	LISI 90/2019
Gentianaceae
Centaurium erythraea Rafn	Fel-da-terra, centáurea-comum	14	0.18	Digestive—appetite, liver, parasites	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	No	6	15	0.19	LISI 91/2019
Centaurium erythraea Rafn	Fel-da-terra, centáurea-comum	14	0.18	Circulatory—diabetes	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	9	15	0.19	LISI 91/2019
Geraniaceae
Geranium purpureum Vill.	Erva-de-são-roberto, erva-roberta	39	0.50	Digestive—digestion, gall bladder, intestines, liver, stomach	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	39	58	0.74	LISI 92/2019
				Urinary—bladder, diuretic	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	8
				Circulatory—cholesterol, diabetes	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	8
				Other—anti-cancerous	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	3
Hypericaceae
Hypericum perforatum L.	Hipericão, pelicão, plicão, milfurada, erva--de-são-joão, hipiricão-do-gerês, piricão	58	0.74	Digestive—digestion, hemorrhoids, liver, stomach, ulcers	Aerial part, flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	70	76	0.97	LISI 93/2019
				Urinary—kidneys, urinary infection	Aerial part	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	3
				Circulatory—blood pressure	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3
Juglandaceae
Juglans regia L.	Nogueira, nogueira-comum, nogueira--europeia, noz	28	0.36	Digestive—toothache	Leaves	Infusion	To rinse one’s mouth	Fresh or dried	Yes	3	38	0.49	LISI 384/2019
				Urinary—kidneys, urinary infection	Leaves	Infusion (some with mallows)	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	5
				Circulatory—chilblains, cholesterol, diabetes, heart	Leaves	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	7
				Dermatological—hair loss, impetigo skin, wounds	Leaves	Infusion (some with mallows)	External	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	17
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, prostate	Leaves	Infusion (some with mallows or leaves of orange tree)	External, irrigation	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	6
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Melissa officinalis L.	Erva-cidreira, melissa, limonete, chá-de--frança, citronela	71	0.91	Digestive–colic, digestion, intestines, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	63	101	1.29	LISI 131/2019
				Urinary–diuretic, kidneys	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5
				Neurological—headache, tranquillizer	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	33
Mentha pulegium L.	Poejo, poêjo, poejos, hortelã-pimenta-mansa	5	0.06	Respiratory—cough	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	5	5	0.06	LISI 94/2019
Mentha spicata L.	Hortelã, hortelã-comum, hortelã-verde-dos-açores	31	0.40	Digestive—digestion, intestines, parasites, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	29	38	0.49	LISI 366/2019
				Respiratory—influenza	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	4
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	5
Mentha x piperita L.	Hortelã-pimenta, hortelã-apimentada, hortelã	35	0.45	Digestive—digestion, flatulence, intestines, parasites, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	40	45	0.58	LISI 365/2019
Mentha x piperita L.	Hortelã-pimenta, hortelã-apimentada, hortelã	35	0.45	Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5	45	0.58	LISI 365/2019
Origanum virens Hoffmanns. & Link	Orégão, orégão-comum, oregãos, orégos, ourégão	5	0.06	Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5	5	0.06	LISI 95/2019
Prunella vulgaris L.	Erva-férrea, prunela, brunela, consolda--menor	3	0.04	Dermatological—wounds	Leaves	Infusion	External	Fresh	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 96/2019
Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Alecrim, alecrim-da-terra, alecrinzeiro	15	0.19	Digestive—digestion, liver	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	3	18	0.23	LISI 97/2019
				Respiratory—bronchitis	Aerial part	Alcohol maceration (patches)	External	Fresh	No	2
				Circulatory—cholesterol, to stimulate the circulation	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	4
				Dermatological—to strengthen the hair	Aerial part	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	6
Thymus sylvestris Hoffmans. & Link	Tomilho, sal-da-terra, serpão-do-monte	3	0.04	Respiratory—asthma, cold, cough	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5	5	0.06	LISI 98/2019
Linaceae
Linum usitatissimum L.	Linho, linho-comum, sementes-de-linhaça	14	0.18	Digestive—constipation	Seeds	Direct ingestion	Oral	Dried	Yes	3	22	0.28	LISI 99/2019
				Respiratory—breathing difficulties, breathlessness, bronchitis, cold, cough, influenza, hoarseness	Seeds	Cooking, poultice	External	Fresh or dried	No	13
				Dermatological—furuncles	Seeds	Poultice	External	Dried	No	2
				Other—mumps	Seeds	Cooking	External	Dried	No	4
Malvaceae
Lavatera cretica L.	Malvas, malva, malva-bastarda, lavatera, lavatera-silvestre	73	0.94	Digestive—constipation, digestion, enteritis, hemorrhoids, infection of the mouth, intestines, oral hygiene, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Enema, external, oral, to rinse one’s mouth	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	36	168	2.15	LISI 385/2019
				Respiratory—throat	Leaves	Infusion	Gargle	Fresh	Yes or no	5
				Urinary—urinary infection	Aerial part, leaves, seeds	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree), vapors	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	50
				Dermatological—infection skin, wounds	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree)	External	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	39
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, intimate hygiene	Aerial part, leaves, seeds	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree or orange tree), vapors	Enema, external, irrigation	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	38
Malva hispanica L.	Malvas, malva, malva-de-espanha	73	0.94	Digestive—constipation, digestion, enteritis, hemorrhoids, infection of the mouth, intestines, oral hygiene, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Enema, external, oral, to rinse one’s mouth	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	36	168	2.15	LISI 100/2019
				Respiratory—throat	Leaves	Infusion	Gargle	Fresh	Yes or no	5
				Urinary—urinary infection	Aerial part, leaves, seeds	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree), vapors	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	50
				Dermatological—infection skin, wounds	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree)	External	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	39
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, intimate hygiene	Aerial part, leaves, seeds	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree or orange tree), vapors	Enema, external, irrigation	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	38
Malva sylvestris L.	Malvas, malva, malva-silvestre, malva--selvagem	73	0.94	Digestive—constipation, digestion, enteritis, hemorrhoids, infection of the mouth, intestines, oral hygiene, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Enema, external, oral, to rinse one’s mouth	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	36	168	2.15	LISI 404/2019
				Respiratory—throat	Leaves	Infusion	Gargle	Fresh	Yes or no	5
				Urinary—urinary infection	Aerial part, leaves, seeds	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree), vapors	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	50
				Dermatological—infection skin, wounds	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree)	External	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	39
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, intimate hygiene	Aerial part, leaves, seeds	Infusion (some with leaves of walnut tree or orange tree), vapors	Enema, external, irrigation	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	38
Moraceae
Ficus carica L.	Figueira, figueira-comum, bebereira	21	0.27	Respiratory—cold, cough	Fruit	Syrup (with dried apple and raisins)	Oral	Dried	No	4	24	0.31	LISI 381/2019
Ficus carica L.	Figueira, figueira-comum, bebereira	21	0.27	Dermatological—callus, warts	Latex	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes or no	20	24	0.31	LISI 381/2019
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Eucalipto, eucalipto-comum	66	0.85	Respiratory—breathing difficulties, bronchitis, cold, cough, throat	Flower, leaves, young shoots	Infusion, syrup, vapors	Inhalation, oral	Fresh	Yes or no	75	77	0.99	LISI 101/2019
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Eucalipto, eucalipto-comum	66	0.85	Dermatological—wounds	Leaves	Infusion	External	Fresh	Yes or no	2	77	0.99	LISI 101/2019
Myrtus communis L.	Murta, murteira, murtinho, mirto	4	0.05	Dermatological—rash	Leaves	Direct application (powder from crushed leaves)	External	Dried	No	4	4	0.05	LISI 102/2019
Oleaceae
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl	Freixo, freixo-comum, freixo-de-folhas-estreitas	18	0.23	Digestive—constipation	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	2	32	0.41	LISI 103/2019
				Urinary—diuretic	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	4
				Circulatory—blood pressure, blood purifier, cholesterol, gout, heart, uric acid	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	17
				Skeleton and muscles—mineralizing, osteoporosis, rheumatism	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	9
Olea europaea var. europaea	Oliveira	46	0.59	Circulatory—blood pressure, cholesterol, heart	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	48	54	0.69	LISI 368/2019
				Dermatological—furuncles, shingles, wounds	Olive oil	Direct application (frying garlic in olive oil or with oil from wheat), ointment (with blue chalk sticks and elderberry)	External	Fresh	Yes or no	4
				Other—earache	Olive oil	Direct application (frying garlic in olive oil)	External	Fresh	Yes	2
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis pes-caprae L.	Erva-praga, erva-pata, erva-azeda-amarela, erva-canária, trevo-azedo	3	0.04	Digestive—parasites	Stem	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 369/2019
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium majus L.	Celidónia, erva-do-betadine, erva-andorinha, erva-das-verrugas	30	0.38	Circulatory—chilblains	Sap	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes	3	34	0.44	LISI 104/2019
Chelidonium majus L.		30	0.38	Dermatological—cuts, wounds	Sap	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes or no	31	34	0.44	LISI 104/2019
Fumaria officinalis L.	Cãezinhos, erva-moleirinha, fumária	3	0.04	Digestive—liver	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Dried	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 105/2019
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus niruri L.	Quebra-pedra, quebra-pedras, filanto	3	0.04	Urinary—kidney stone	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	3	3	0.04	LISI 402/2019
Pinaceae
Pinus pinaster Aiton	Pinheiro-bravo, pinheiro-marítimo	12	0.15	Circulatory—diabetes	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	6	12	0.15	LISI 106/2019
Pinus pinaster Aiton	Pinheiro-bravo, pinheiro-marítimo	12	0.15	Dermatological—cicatrizing, wounds	Resin	Direct application	External	Fresh	No	6	12	0.15	LISI 106/2019
Pinus pinea L.	Pinheiro-manso	13	0.17	Respiratory—breathing difficulties, cough	Leaves, young shoots	Syrup (sugar maceration), vapors	Inhalation, oral	Fresh	Yes or no	12	14	0.18	LISI 107/2019
Pinus pinea L.	Pinheiro-manso	13	0.17	Dermatological—cicatrizing, wounds	Resin	Direct application	External	Fresh	No	2	14	0.18	LISI 107/2019
Plantaginaceae
Plantago major L.	Tanchagem, tanchagem-maior, erva-das-sete-linhas	3	0.04	Digestive—hemorrhoids	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	6	0.08	LISI 108/2019
				Respiratory—cough	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2
				Urinary—urinary infection	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf	Chá-príncipe, erva-príncipe, erva-limão	31	0.40	Digestive—digestion, colic, liver, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	25	46	0.59	LISI 386/2019
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf	Chá-príncipe, erva-príncipe, erva-limão	31	0.40	Neurological—antidepressant, tranquillizer	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	21	46	0.59	LISI 386/2019
Hordeum vulgare L.	Cevada-santa, cevada	3	0.04	Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Seeds	Poultice (with flour)	External	Dried	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 399/2019
Triticum aestivum L.	Trigo, trigo-mole	29	0.37	Digestive—belly ache, diarrhea	Seeds	Cooking (flour or bran with chamomile)	External, oral	Dried	Yes or no	10	34	0.44	LISI 400/2019
				Respiratory—bronchitis, cold, measles	Seeds	Cooking (bran), poultice (with flour and bran)	External	Dried	No	3
				Dermatological—shingles	Seeds	Cooking, direct application (oil from seeds, some with garlic), poultice	External	Dried	No	21
Zea mays L.	Milho, milho-grosso	64	0.82	Urinary—bladder, diuretic, urinary infection, urinary tract	Silk	Infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	71	78	1.00	LISI 387/2019
				Circulatory—blood pressure	Silk	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	2
				Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Corn kernel	Poultice (with flour)	External	Dried	No	2
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, prostate	Silk	Infusion	External, oral	Dried	Yes or no	3
Polygonaceae
Rumex conglomeratus Murray	Labaça-ordinária, labaça, alabaça, regalo-da--horta	5	0.06	Digestive—diarrhea	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	3	5	0.06	LISI 109/2019
Rumex conglomeratus Murray	Labaça-ordinária, labaça, alabaça, regalo-da--horta	5	0.06	Dermatological—psoriasis	Root	Infusion	External	Fresh	Yes	2	5	0.06	LISI 109/2019
Pteridaceae
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.	Avenca, avenca-das-fontes, capilária	6	0.08	Urinary—bladder, diuretic, kidneys, urinary tract	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	6	6	0.08	LISI 110/2019
Rosaceae
Agrimonia eupatoria L.	Agrimónia, erva-eupatória, erva-hepática	4	0.05	Digestive—digestion, liver, stomach	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	5	5	0.06	LISI 111/2019
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	Pilriteiro, espinheiro, pirliteiro	3	0.04	Circulatory—blood pressure, to stimulate the circulation	Flower, fruit, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	5	5	0.06	LISI 112/2019
Cydonia oblonga Mill.	Marmeleiro, gamboeiro	6	0.08	Digestive—diarrhea	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	2	6	0.08	LISI 388/2019
Cydonia oblonga Mill.	Marmeleiro, gamboeiro	6	0.08	Circulatory—cholesterol, urea	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	4	6	0.08	LISI 388/2019
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.	Nespereira, nespereira-do-japão, nêsperas	22	0.28	Circulatory—blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	25	25	0.32	LISI 389/2019
Fragaria vesca L.	Morangueiro, morango, morangueiro-bravo, morangueira-vulgar, fragária, erva-dos-morangos	3	0.04	Digestive—diarrhea	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	4	0.05	LISI 390/2019
Fragaria vesca L.		3	0.04	Urinary—kidneys	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	4	0.05	LISI 390/2019
Malus domestica Borkh.	Macieira, maceira, maçãzeira	3	0.04	Respiratory—cold, cough	Fruit	Syrup (with dried figs and raisins)	Oral	Dried	No	4	4	0.05	LISI 410/2019
Prunus avium (L.) L.	Cerejeira, cerdeira, cerdeiro, cereja	53	0.68	Urinary—bladder, diuretic, kidneys, urinary infection, urinary tract	Fruit peduncles	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	57	57	0.73	LISI 391/2019
Prunus cerasus L.	Ginjeira, ginjeiro, ginja	3	0.04	Urinary—bladder, kidneys, urinary tract	Fruit peduncles	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	5	5	0.06	LISI 392/2019
Prunus domestica L.	Ameixeira, ameixieira, ameixoeira	6	0.08	Digestive—constipation, intestines	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	6	6	0.08	LISI 393/2019
Pyrus communis L.	Pereira, pereira-mansa, pereira-comum	4	0.05	Digestive—digestion, gall bladder	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Dried	Yes	6	6	0.08	LISI 394/2019
Rosa canina L.	Roseiras, roseira, rosas	36	0.46	Ophthalmological—eyes, inflammations	Flower, petals	Infusion	External	Fresh	Yes or no	36	36	0.46	LISI 113/2019
Rubus ulmifolius Schott	Silva, silvas, amoras-silvestres	4	0.05	Circulatory—diabetes	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 114/2019
Rubiaceae
Galium aparine L.	Pegamaço, amor-de-hortelão	5	0.06	Digestive—hepatitis, liver	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	3	5	0.06	LISI 115/2019
Galium aparine L.	Pegamaço, amor-de-hortelão	5	0.06	Circulatory—blood purifier	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	5	0.06	LISI 115/2019
Rutaceae
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck	Limoeiro, limão	75	0.96	Digestive—digestion	Leaves, lemon skin	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	15	100	1.28	LISI 370/2019
				Respiratory—cold, cough, hoarseness, throat, voice	Fruit, juice, leaves, lemon skin	Direct ingestion (juice), infusion, syrup (sugar maceration, some with onion skin)	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	74
				Circulatory—blood purifier, cholesterol, uric acid	Fruit, juice, leaves	Direct ingestion (juice with water), infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	6
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Leaves, lemon skin	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	2
				Other—to slim	Fruit, juice	Direct ingestion (juice with water)	Oral	Fresh	Yes	3
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck	Laranjeira, laranjeira-doce, laranja-doce, laranja	47	0.60	Digestive—constipation, digestion, liver	Flower, leaves, mesocarp, orange skin	Direct ingestion, infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	23	51	0.65	LISI 371/2019
				Respiratory—cold, throat	Flower, fruit, leaves, orange skin	Infusion, syrup (sugar maceration, some with onion skin)	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	7
				Circulatory—heart	Flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	5
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Flower, leaves, orange skin	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	14
				Reproductive—gynecological infection	Leaves	Infusion (with mallows and/or leaves of walnut tree)	Irrigation	Fresh	No	2
Solanaceae
Atropa belladonna L.	Beladona, erva-moura-furiosa, erva--midriática	4	0.05	Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Fruit	Alcohol maceration	External	Fresh	No	4	4	0.05	LISI 401/2019
Capsicum frutescens L.	Piripiri, malagueta, pimenteiro-de-caiena	4	0.05	Digestive—hemorrhoids	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	4	4	0.05	LISI 372/2019
Hyoscyamus albus L.	Meimendro, mimendro, meimendro-branco	25	0.32	Digestive—toothache	Seeds	Cooking, direct application (crushed leaves), smoke (burned seeds), vapors (boiled seeds)	External	Fresh or dried	No	16	28	0.36	LISI 403/2019
				Dermatological—furuncles, wounds	Leaves	Direct application, poultice	External	Fresh or dried	No	9
				Other—earache	Seeds	Smoke (burned seeds)	External	Fresh	No	3
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Tomateiro, tomate	4	0.05	Urinary—diuretic	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 373/2019
Physalis peruviana L.	Fisális, alquequenge-amarelo, tomatinho-de--capuz	11	0.14	`Digestive—stomach	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	16	0.21	LISI 374/2019
				Circulatory—blood purifier, cholesterol, diabetes, uric acid	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	10
				Other—aphrodisiac	Fruit	Direct ingestion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2
Solanum melongena L.	Beringela	4	0.05	Circulatory—cholesterol	Fruit	Direct ingestion (water maceration of fruit)	Oral	Fresh	Yes	4	4	0.05	LISI 375/2019
Solanum tuberosum L.	Batateira, semilheira, batata	26	0.33	Digestive—stomach	Tuber	Direct ingestion (juice)	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2	26	0.33	LISI 411/2019
				Neurological—headache	Tuber	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes or no	15
				Dermatological—insect bites	Tuber	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes or no	9
Tiliaceae
Tilia cordata Mill.	Tília, tília-de-folhas-pequenas	64	0.82	Digestive—digestion	Aerial part	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	2	69	0.88	LISI 395/2019
				Circulatory—circulation, heart	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	4
				Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part, flower, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	63
Urticaceae
Parietaria judaica L.	Alfavaca-de-cobra, alfavaca, parietária, erva--das-paredes, erva-dos-muros	34	0.44	Digestive—hemorrhoids, infection of the mouth, intestines	Aerial part, leaves	Direct application (some crushed leaves and/or juice), infusion, vapors	External, oral, to rinse one’s mouth	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	11	61	0.78	LISI 116/2019
				Urinary—kidneys, urinary infection	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion, vapors	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	24
				Dermatological—skin, wounds	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	External	Fresh	Yes or no	12
				Reproductive—gynecological infection, prostate	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion, vapors	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	14
Urtica dioica L.	Urtiga-de-cauda, urtigas, urtiga	14	0.18	Urinary—diuretic	Aerial part	Cooking, infusion	Oral	Fresh	Yes	3	24	0.31	LISI 409/2019
				Circulatory—anemia, blood, blood purifier, circulation, diabetes, gout	Aerial part	Cooking, direct application, direct ingestion (juice), infusion	External, oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	12
				Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Aerial part	Cooking, direct application	External, oral	Fresh	Yes or no	7
				Other—anti-inflammatory	Aerial part	Cooking	Oral	Fresh	Yes	2
Valerianaceae
Valeriana officinalis L.	Valeriana, valeriana-das-boticas, erva-dos--gatos	3	0.04	Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh	No	3	3	0.04	LISI 407/2019
Verbenaceae
Aloysia citrodora Paláu	Lúcia-lima, bela-luísa, doce-lima, limonete	61	0.78	Digestive—digestion, spasms, stomach	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes	31	75	0.96	LISI 376/2019
Aloysia citrodora Paláu	Lúcia-lima, bela-luísa, doce-lima, limonete	61	0.78	Neurological—tranquillizer	Aerial part, leaves	Infusion	Oral	Fresh or dried	Yes or no	44	75	0.96	LISI 376/2019
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris (C.C.Gmel.) Hegi	Videira, videira-europeia, vinha, parreira, cepa	3	0.04	Respiratory—cold, cough	Fruit	Syrup (with dried apple and dried figs)	Oral	Dried	No	4	4	0.05	LISI 127/2019
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.	Aloé-vera, aloé, aloé-dos-barbados, babosa	35	0.45	Dermatological—burns, cicatrizing, insect bites, pimples, skin allergy, wounds	Sap	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes or no	35	45	0.58	LISI 396/2019
				Skeleton and muscles—rheumatism	Sap	Direct application	External	Fresh	Yes	4
				Other—anti-cancerous	Leaves	Syrup	Oral	Fresh	Yes or no	6

^aThe number of informants that referred the taxon
^bRFC=FC/N, where N is the total number of informants
^cUse-reports of the taxon by illness category
^dUse-reports of the taxon
^eCI=UR/N

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